Differential Association Theory Essay Example for Free

Differential Association Theory Essay 1. Differential Association theory would explain the burglar’s behavior by first looking at their social structure. Their social structure can affect everything; it can influence their close relationships, open them up to objective opportunities and could be seen as the main attribute that affects their learning process in behavior. A. Most of the people in these interviews are poor, young males with similar social structures. Growing up on the streets and in bad neighborhoods can influence the interactions that each of these people will have. These interactions can result in definitions favorable to crime because these people are beginning to surround themselves and interact with people who are already doing illegal actions. (Hagan, p.89). In the article it gave an example of how a group of friends may be doing coke and once it runs out someone in the group, that has developed their own belief in what’s right and what’s wrong, suggests doing burglary in order to get some money for more coke. A new person within the group may feel pressure in continuing in order to maintain their status and relationship with the members in the group. Here they are learning new attitudes and accepting new values that are favorable to crime (Hagan, p. 89). The behavior being learned is that burglary can help with any immediate needs and together they rebel against the law. The new member may now start to change what they believe is right and wrong and could begin acting in more frequent illegal actions. These burglars have the belief that burglary is okay because it is a matter of â€Å"day to day survival†. This shows that they have their own interpretation on what they think is right and wrong which is a learned definition favorable to crime. In the interview Wild Will proved this theory by describing that when he is in need of money he thinks to himself, â€Å"How do I know how to get money quick and easy?† He at one point had to have learned that an immediate fix to a bump in the road, which is justified in his mind, is to perform a burglary. Larry Harris would agree when he says that it is just something you have to do to get by. Neither of these men views burglary as something wrong but as something you do in order to survive. B. When it comes to the techniques that people learn in committing crime several burglars said that it is something that you just get better at over time. Wild Will stated that when he goes to rob a house he likes to stake out the house and call it in order to see if someone is home. This may have been a technique he had picked up from  someone else that he went and did a burglary with. Several participants in the interview confessed that if they had a friend that had a burglary set up that they would be willing to do it with them if given the offer. This is an incident where you could say that a person may have the opportunity to learned new strategies and techniques that have worked for someone else in the past. Another technique that gets learned on the streets is the ability to maintain and develop status. One of the participants shared that it is mandatory to be perceived as â€Å"hip†. People on the streets learn through interactions with each other what it takes to be hip and be seen as someone with high status. 95% of the participants confessed that they spend the money that they steal on things that give them the image of â€Å"high-living†. During the interview several things were revealed as things to do in order to gain that high status. These burglars can learn these techniques such as doing drugs, having sexual partners, the right styles and brands, and a car and car accessories, as things to pursue in order to gain that respected status in the street culture. C. It is already made clear that these burglars live in poor neighborhoods and are living on the streets which give them more objective opportunity than someone that is in a nicer well off neighborhood. Due to their neighborhood, it exposes these burglars to people that are promoters to committing crime (Hagan, p.90). Most of these men have also admitted that they are â€Å"too lazy† to maintain a real job so sources of income are limited within the household. Because of this most of these participants say that they are acting on illegal action, like burglaries, in order to gain money for food and clothing for their family. As for subjective opportunities not everyone would look at something as an opportunity to commit a crime but Larry William says it best in his interview when he is describing what he does when he is in need for money, â€Å"There it is! There’s the house†. He automatically looks for a target and sees it as an opportunity to immediately fix his problem whereas another person wouldn’t think of that as an option. Another subjective opportunity that these burglars have is the fact that their social bonds are also partaking in these acts and so they have multiple opportunities in performing a burglary when they are present with more opportunities given by their friends.

The immortality of the soul

The immortality of the soul Title: What arguments are there in the Phaedo for and against the immortality of the soul? Introduction A large portion of the Platonic dialogue Phaedo concerns itself with attempting to establish well enough the Socratic teaching of the immortality of the human soul. In all, there seem to be three main types of arguments for immortality offered by Socrates in the Phaedo. The first and third arguments are known by various names. The second main argument offered is generally known to everyone by the same name: the â€Å"recollection argument.† It should be admitted here that it seems more suitable to refer to these, not as strict proofs, but certainly as argumentative support for Socrates’ overall position of immortality. David Gallop seems to concur in his commentary on this passage of the Phaedo dealing with immortality. â€Å"Plato does not offer a set of discrete, self-contained proofs of immortality, but a developing sequence of arguments, objections, and counter-arguments,† (103).[1] Joseph Owens agrees that the Platonic arguments offered do go quite far in ma king their case,[2] though they fall short of establishing a certainty between immortality itself and an attending guarantee of immortality toward every human person. So whereas it is important to note the strength of the arguments, it remains to be seen whether their strength stands up to close scrutiny, especially the scrutiny offered by Socrates’ interlocutors. The First Main Type of Argument for Immortality Before entering into this argument proper, it would be beneficial to indicate what had been admitted prior to the first argument beginning at 69e. It was admitted by all Socrates’ listeners that the philosopher as the one who seeks after true wisdom and truth itself is aware that the body he inhabits works against these higher inclinations of the philosopher. The soul and the body are really distinct from each other. One could say that they are two separate substances, and the soul is clearly superior to the body. The soul seeks the higher things: the forms, truth itself, etc. But, the body interferes with these pursuits and brings down the soul from these great heights.[3] This is the metaphysical anthropology to keep in mind as underlying the arguments. Now onto the first type of argument, which has been categorized in several ways, depending on the commentator. It has been known as the cyclical argument, the opposites argument, or the argument from contraries.[4] We shall refer to it here by the latter option, though noting the cyclical nature presupposed by the argument from contraries.[5] The arguments begin as a result of a direct challenge by Cebes (69e6) that there have been many who have held that the soul perishes on the day of the death of the body. Socrates’ first argument in establishment of immortality begins by noting the received Greek â€Å"myth†[6] of the cycle of rebirth – the transmigration of souls (70c5). He proceeds to argue that in the whole of reality one perceives the â€Å"generation† of contraries one from another. â€Å"And the weaker is generated from the stronger, and the swifter from the slower,† Socrates notes.[7] From these several examples, he finally gets Cebes to admit that this principle applies equally well to life and death. Death is certainly generated from the living, and Cebes concedes that his only answer to what is generated from the dead is â€Å"the living,† (71d13). This â€Å"contraries† argument gains final strength with a type of modus tollens argument.[8] It could be structured in the following way. If the world were not cyclical in its generation of contraries, then all life would have reached the same state of death. All life has not reached the same state of death. Therefore, the world is cyclical (72b-d). This argument is a valid version of the modus tollens, and it anticipates objections like that of Copleston when he asserts that Plato’s first argument is reliant on the â€Å"unproved assumption† of an eternally cyclical world. However, the modus tollens above shows that it is much more than an assumption. He argues from the way things are now (i.e., continually generating and decaying and generating again) to the necessity of the cyclical world to account for present reality. Therefore, one would have to find a faulty premise in the argument in order to overturn it. Cebes, however, sees the force of the reasoning and accepts it argument wholeheartedly (72d4-5). The Second Argument for Immortality As noted earlier, this second argument is commonly called the argument from recollection. It supposes that when we know the Forms (or â€Å"Ideas†) through recognizing particular instances of those Forms, we could only do so if we were either (1) informed of all Ideas at birth (and then lost them immediately after we received them, which is absurd) or (2) merely recollect the Ideas from having known them previously (i.e., prior to our birth).[9] Hence, we all have existed previously. For example, in order to perceive equalities among things, we would have to already possess a notion of â€Å"absolute equality.† Else, we would not be able to recognize equality at all, if we had no prior Ideas with which to compare the instances of things we encounter in reality (74). Simmias and Cebes accept the force of the argument, though Cebes concludes by noting that Simmias raises an interesting point which implies that only half of the argument has been given in this second line o f reasoning. What one concludes from the second argument is merely that the soul existed and was vested with the Forms prior to its arrival on Earth (77c1-5). This does not, however, establish life after death – merely prior to death. However, Socrates’ retort is that the second argument is meant to be understood â€Å"in conjunction with the preceding argument,† (Copleston, 213). This satisfies both Simmias and Cebes, as they are moved along to the third argument given by Socrates, having to do with the very nature of the soul. The Nature of the Soul and Its Implications: Argument Three This is perhaps the most pointed of the arguments and crucial to be established in order to make the belief in immortality more firm. There are two aspects of this third argument, both of which deserve explication. The reason, it seems, why some philosophers prefer to call this the â€Å"affinity† (Gallop) or â€Å"likeness† (Stern) argument is that Socrates argues that the soul is able to peruse the invisible realm of the Forms, even though the body merely has contact with the sensible, physical world. In this way, the soul can be shown to have a propensity toward the realm of the Forms. It could be said to have a â€Å"heavenly† aspect to it, as it were. Since the forms are very clearly not subject to any change or decay, and the soul is readily in contact with them, it must be the case that this shows an immortal aspect of the soul (79). This aspect of the argument does have some force. Perhaps though the most pointed argument offered by Socrates is founded in the simplicity of the soul. Unlike any body, the soul, being immaterial, is not composed of parts. Every body though is composed of many and various parts. The soul, lacking any parts, therefore must be simple in its constitution (78b-80). Moreover, anything that is simple in its makeup is not subject to degeneration. Mortimer Adler explains, Degeneration is decomposition. The soul would be mortal, too, if it were materially constituted and decomposable. The crux of the various arguments that Socrates advances for its immortality, therefore, lies in two assertions he makes about it. It is immaterial; and it is simple, not composite. It must, therefore, continue to exist after the body perishes.[10] Richard Swinburne, in an article on â€Å"immortality† in the Oxford Companion to Philosophy reasons that since Plato argues that the destruction of anything consists (at least) in the disassembling of its various parts, yet the soul has no parts and is not spatial, it follows that â€Å"the soul can not be destroyed.†[11] Simmias’ Objection At the end of all of this there still remain objections in the Phaedo. Simmias offers one, which has been called the epiphenomenal objection (85e3-86d). According to Simmias, the soul could be seen as merely the harmony of the body, and when the body dies, that which gave it harmony dies alongside it. The Socratic reply is that the soul is the master of the body (i.e., it can control emotions and subdue desires), and it is not reasonable to think that that which merely is the harmonizing principle of a thing could simultaneously be the very ruler of it as well.[12] Concluding Thoughts There are many arguments offered by Socrates and, in the end, more or less conceded by all the participants in favor of viewing the soul as immortal. It seems that the strongest arguments unfold as the dialogue itself unfolds. The argument from the simplicity of the soul, while deserving some further explication and clarification (which subsequent philosophers do – cf. Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas), does ultimately stand up to the objections of his interlocutors. Whether they are altogether successful as a conglomerate or whether each one might stand on its own as sufficient of proving immortality is difficult to discern. Continued revisiting of these Platonic thoughts, however, seem certainly to be appropriate, as we have witnessed at times throughout this brief the various weaknesses of contemporary commentators on Plato. Works Consulted Adler, Mortimer J. The Angels and Us. New York: Macmillan, 1982. Copleston, Frederick. A History of Philosophy: Volume 1: Greece and Rome. New York: Image Books, 1993. Honderich, Ted, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Owens, Joseph. A History of Ancient Western Philosophy. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1959. Plato. Phaedo. Translated with Notes by David Gallop. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. Stern, Paul. Socratic Rationalism and Political Philosophy: An Interpretation of Plato’s Phaedo. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993. 1 Footnotes [1] Gallop goes on to note that these arguments of the Phaedo are to be contrasted â€Å"sharply with the solitary, and quite different, proofs of immortality in the Republic (608c-611a) and Phaedrus (245c-246a),† Phaedo, translated with notes by David Gallop (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 103. [2] â€Å"The Platonic arguments have shown that the nature of the intellectual soul demands immortality,† A History of Ancient Western Philosophy (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959), 234. [3] See especially Socrates’ pointed comments at Phaedo 66b-e. [4] Joseph Owens and Paul Stern refer to it as the â€Å"opposites† argument. David Gallop employs the category of â€Å"cyclical† and Frederick Copleston seems to prefer seeing it as an argument from â€Å"contraries.† [5] â€Å"Contraries† as opposed to â€Å"opposites† is preferred because, as shall be seen, the argument is not reliant solely on what are true opposites. There are many times when Socrates transitions to talking about gradations in types of being, rather than true opposites. Gradations can be included under the head of contraries. [6] Mortimer Adler refers to this as a myth rather than a religious or even philosophical doctrine that Plato inherits. Angels and Us (New York: Macmillan, 1982), 161. [7] Phaedo, 71, 3-4. All quotations from the Phaedo are from the older translation by Benjamin Jowett (rather than from that of David Gallop), unless otherwise noted. The Jowett translations of Plato have appeared in numerous editions and are therefore readily available. [8] Which, if the reader needs reminding, has the following construction: If P, then Q. Not Q; therefore not P. Or, P→Q; ~Q; à ¢- ¡ ~P. [9] This argument is worked out in much detail in another dialogue – the Meno. In that dialogue, Plato attempts to establish this, we may call it along with Copleston, a priori type of knowledge in all men by questioning a boy, who has never been instructed in mathematics, in basic principles of a mathematical proof. Through this questioning he is able to draw out of the boy an abstraction for a mathematical proof – a proof with which, prior to this questioning, the boy was altogether unfamiliar. [10] Angels and Us, 157. [11] Ted Honderich, ed., The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 396. However, immediately following this Swinburne proceeds to give the following objection, which he takes to be successful. He states that since an atom (which is physical) can be reduced to energy (which is also, in some sense, physical) and thus destroyed, it must not have to be the case that a thing must have its parts separated before it is destroyed. But, of course, the argument of Plato is untouched by such an objection. An atom is both physical and composed (of at least protons, neutrons and electrons). Hence, it bears no analogy to the soul which is neither physical nor composed of anything. [12] Frederick Copleston makes this point masterfully in his History of Philosophy, 207.

SWOT analysis of paint manufacturer Dulux

SWOT analysis of paint manufacturer Dulux ICI Dulux paints is the worlds largest manufacturer of paints and industrial coating.ICI Dulux trade paints is one of the leading paint manufacturers in Britain and has about 130 outlets in the UK. With the increase in demand for broken colour decorative paints effect, dulux trade paints have launched three new products i.e. Duette, sonata, and acrylic scumble glaze in order to meet the demand and customer preferences. These newly launched are targeted at trade customers in the UK. In this case study we will be discussing various stages of marketing. It consists of three crucial stages, SWOT analysis, Market Segmentation and Branding. TASK 1: The marketing audit is the process of taking stock of an organisations internal and external factors. The marketing audit is a fundamental part of the marketing process. The marketing audit is a major exercise which ranges over all the internal and external factors. There are number of tools which can be used such as PEST, Five Forces Analyses and SWOT Analysis. The first two focuses on external environment and SWOT Analysis is used for both internal and external environment. (Brassington and. Pettitt, 2006a) SWOT analysis is one of the best tools in marketing audit. It involves both internal and external environment. It is the overall evaluation of companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The strengths and weaknesses are internal factors and opportunities and threats are external factors. SWOT Analysis enable a business to focus into those areas that present the greatest opportunities and those competencies in which it is strongest. (Pinson, 2001) SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: SWOT Analysis of Dulux Trade Paints: STRENGTHS: It is an internally controlled factor. It enhances the performance of the company. Some of the strengths are as follows: It has a strong brand name and positive reputation in the minds of customers so far them its a great strength of the company ICI Dulux Trade Paints has well established infrastructure. It has a wide range of distribution (merchants and retailers) It has 130 outlets in the UK, the largest of any trade supplier. It provides vide range of colours (52 two-tone colourways). All products are uniquely water-based. WEAKNESSES: It is also an internally controlled factor. It minimizes the performance of the company. Some of the weaknesses are as follows: The major weakness of Dulux Paints is that they dont have their own distribution channels. They have dealers which sell their products in different cities. The public awareness about Dulux paints is not high, mainly because of lack of advertisements and promotions. OPPORTUNITIES: It is an externally controlled factor. Some of the opportunities are as follows: One of the greatest opportunities for Dulux Paints is to increase awareness among the customers regarding high quality paints and newly launched products. Advertisements and promotions can play an important role in achieving it. THREATS: It is also externally controlled factor. Some of the threats are as follows: The biggest threat of Dulux Trade Paints is the increased number of competitors. They are other companies producing the same products; they have captured the market share. So it is a great threat for Dulux Trade Paints. (Kotler. and Keller 2009 ) TASK 2: MARKET SEGMENTATION Market segmentation is defined as the process of identifying different groups of users within a market who could possibly be targeted with separate products or marketing programmes. It can also be defined as dividing the market into groups of potential customers with similar needs and purchase behavior. The idea of dividing market into various segments and targeting each segment with a distinct product is the heart of marketing theory. (Croft 1994.) The main objective of market segmentation is to analyse market fully, finding opportunities and to improve companys competitor position and serve the needs of customers. Management must segment the market according to benefit sought. In this case we will apply business to business segmentation. In B2B segmentation we can focus on organisation as well as on individual buyers within it. B2B market segmentation can involve two stages: Macro segments: are those in which we have to identify subgroups within whole market and Micro segments: are those in which we have to select target segments based on specific buying characteristics. In this case we will define few market segments which are most important in this type of industry and upon which Dulux Trade Paints should consider and target. Size of organisation: The size of an organisation is important in any organisation. As far as Dulux Trade Paint is concerned it must fully focus on large organisation because they consume large percentage of goods as compared to small organisations. Dulux is a brand name, they always come up with innovative ideas and new products like Duette, Sonata and Acrylic Scumble glaze so it will be easier to target large organisations like real estate companies, big organisations, hotels, hospitals etc as large organisations need new products time to time in order to be in competition. Dulux has 52 two tone colour ways available which they can offer to company. Dulux paints need to come up with exciting new offers and promotions so as to attract large organisations like free samples, credit facilities, better quality, discounts etc Purchase Organisations: It can be defined as those organisations which purchase goods and services either for themselves or for other purposes. This is an important segment on which Dulux paints must work. These may include Contractors, Interior designers, Architectures. Contractors: A contractor is an individual or group of people that constructs or renovates a building, road etc. Dulux paints must target contractors for supply of paints required for construction purposes. It covers a large area of market. As these newly launched products are very popular so these products must be in demand for contractor also. Dulux must target contractors depending upon nature size and type of contractors. They should come up with new schemes, promotions, discounts and delivery of goods on time so as to ensure demand and supply. Interior Designers: They are professionals who decorate and organise the interior of any house, building etc. nowadays paints are important part of interiors, Dulux paints come up with decorative paints like Duette which is the latest trend in paint industry. So they must target interior designers to use their products in their projects which will increase the popularity of Duette, sonata and acrylic and helps in creating brand name. Trade Outlets: They are important in any organisation. Dulux trade paints have 130 retail outlets in the UK known as Dulux decorator centres, largest number of outlets of any trade supplier. These outlets should be managed properly. Newly launched products such as Duette, Sonata and Acrylic must be available in those outlets so that they will be easily available as there demand is increasing day by day. Their must be proper contact between company and outlets, moreover there must be proper balance between demand and supply. Customers should be provided with proper guidance regarding colour schemes and good product knowledge. If these outlets are properly targeted and maintained it will be the strength of company and also a great threat for competitors. Hence if all those segments are properly targeted and achieved then the company will reach ahead of its goals and will be a huge success. ( Brassington and. Pettitt,2006b) TASK 3: BRANDING AND POSITIONING Once target market segmentation is selected, we have to promote the organisational offerings to its target markets in a better way. This process is called branding and positioning strategy. The organisation must have an offering that differentiates it from the competitors. It should give a clear identity in the mind of the consumers. Branding: A brand is a name, symbol, design or term, or a combination of them used by manufacturers to identify its products from those of competitors. Today, a brand is the result of a synaptic process in the brain. A brand differentiates a product form those of competitors. It can simply be defined as customers perception about your business. (Bed bury and fenichell, 2002) Dulux is a market leader in the paint industry. The consumer is aware about the Dulux brand name It is much easier for Dulux to market its newly launched products like Duette, sonata and Acrylic. However there are some fundamental principles of branding are as follows: Flexibility: Dulux trade paints are flexible with the changing demands and supply. As the demand for broken colours rise they launched new products in the market. It helped the company in achieving good brand name. The customers are aware about the Dulux brand name Quality: The qualities of the products are fair enough as these products are manufactured by other manufacturers. This helps in maintaining good brand name and increase in sales. Product differentiation: The products differ in price, quality and design as compared to competitors. As Duette comes in 52 two-tone colour ways. These products offer all the benefits of traditional glaze. Consistent: Dulux maintain brand promise and brand standard. These products leave a good effect on consumers. The customer is aware about the quality standards. (Kumar and Mittal, 2002) Positioning: The act of designing the organisations image and offer so that it occupies a distinct place in the target customers. It is about the position a brand occupies in the minds of consumers. It starts with the choosing of a segment in which to compete. (Adock, Bradfield and Ross, 1995) Every product needs a positioning strategy so that it gives a clear position about a specific product in the minds of consumers. In this case there are some strategies which can be targeted. Positioning Against or Associating with another product: Dulux trade paints has to position itself as the ultimate solution for achieving the luxury look with great quality. Its main customers are contractors, large organisations, retailers etc. It has to differentiate itself from other paint companies in order to achieve good name and high volume of sales. Benefits/ Needs: Dulux paints have to provide better benefits to the purchaser so that he will stick to the companys products like huge profit margins discounts etc. Quality/Price: They have to provide better quality and low price as compared to their competitors in order to gain orders from large organisations. Product Features: They have to position it as, the presenting classics. They have to identify product features and differentiate it from other products. (Kotler and Scheff, 1997) Hence if position strategy is constructed on those bases then it will prove fruitful to the company. It will help in achieving good brand name and taking the company ahead of its competitors. REFRENCES: Adock, D. Bradfield, R. and Ross, C. (1995) Marketing Principles and Practice (2nd edn.), p 126-129. London, Pitman Publishing Bedbury, S. (2002) A New Brand World: 8 principles for Achieving Brand Leadership in the 21st century, p11-12. USA, Penguin Group. Croft, M.J. (1994) Market Segmentation. London, Solidus Limited. Kumar, N. and Mittal, R. (2002) Advertising Management. India, Anmol Publications Ltd. Kotler, P. and Scheff, J. (1997) Standing Room Only, p115-118. USA, Harvard Business School. Kotler, P and Keller, K.L. (2009) Marketing Management (13th edn.). USA, Pearson International. Pinson, L. (2001) Anatomy of a Business Plan (5th edn.). USA, Dearborn Trade. Pettit, S. and Brassington, F. (2006) Principles of Marketing (4th edn.). London, Prentice Hall.

Measure for Measure Essay: The Virtuous Isabella -- Measure for Measur

The Virtuous Isabella in Measure for Measure      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Measure for Measure is not a celebration of family values, the play points towards both the political virtuosity, which sustains the comic, and the humbler self-knowledge that preserves the integrity of the virtuoso. Human virtue can only be chosen in freedom, but we need not deny ourselves the opportunity of ensuring that this choice is not stifled by the subtly related powers of abstract intellectualism and carnal necessity    Isabella in Measure for Measure personifies innocent virtue. Isabella offers an example of the highest possible character; since she will not sacrifice her own honor or her brother's in order to save her brother's life.   She holds strong convictions as far as her morals are concerned, and considers her own soul and salvation. Pure; intelligent; beautiful, her outer beauty a reflection of her inner purity; loving, hers is an untested virtue that withstands the ultimate trial as shown in her appeal for mercy towards Angelo whom she believes to have ordered the execution of her brother. This action overcomes the questions aroused about her character when she is unwilling to sacrifice her virtue to save her brother's life. To finally allay all doubt as to how Isabella is "measured," the Duke's proposal at the end of the play stands as proof she has passed the test.    Isabella understands her chastity in a way that is largely similar to Angelo's austere virtue. We first meet her at the convent where she is about to become a nun, pleading for stricter restraint and discipline in an order already notorious for its austerity. Once she has taken her final vows, she will no longer be able to hold normal conversation with men:      "If yo... ...to plague and punish us."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's Isabella is portrayed as an upright young woman who remains true to her ideals. In human relationships ideals can be found out of line when in opposition to another's ideals, but this does not lessen Isabella's virtuous character in the least.      Works Cited and Consulted: Knight, G. Wilson. The Wheel of Fire: Essays in Interpretation of Shakespeare's Sombre Tragedies. London: Oxford UP, 1930. Leech, Clifford. "The 'Meaning' of Measure for Measure." Shakespeare Survey 3 1950 Rossiter, A. P. Angel with Horns and Other Shakespeare Lectures. Ed. Graham Storey. London: Longmans, Green, 1961. Shakespeare, William. William Shakespeare: The Complete Works. Ed. Alfred Harbage. 1969. Baltimore: Penguin, 1971. http://www.online-literature.com/view.php/measure/4?term=isabella      

Separation Of Church And State Essay -- History Historical Education R

Separation of Church and State By the middle of the 20th Century, the United States had emerged as a world power. It accomplished this through its leadership in defeating Germany and Japan in World War II. These two countries' main objective was to enslave the world and destroy political, religious, and economic freedom. In Germany or Japan, anyone who disagreed with these goals, or was different was destroyed. This was a common practice in these two fascist countries. Unfortunately, at the same time of its emergence as a world power, the United States began to slip into a form of judicial fascism. This slide began when the U.S. Supreme Court began to abandon the religious principles on which this nation was founded. The abandonment officially began in 1947 in Everson v. Board of Education, when the court announced, â€Å"The 1st amendment has erected a wall between church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach.† (Barton, Original†¦ p.13) This exact case began the reversal of Supreme Court trends and opinions that had lasted for one hundred and fifty years. Now, for almost fifty years, the Supreme Court , and the United States population in general, has used the phrase â€Å"separation of church and state† when referring to the religion clause of the 1st Amendment. The 1st amendment's actual wording is â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† (Barton, America: To†¦ p.15) But, because of the Supreme Court's continuous citing of a â€Å" wall of separation† and â€Å"separation of church and state†, the public's idea of the 1st amendment's religion clause has been shaped by phrases which do not appear anywhere in the Constitution. The First Congress, which passed this Amendment in 1789, intended to prohibit the establishment of a national religion. In fact, they didn't mind the establishment of â€Å"official† religions by states. At the start of the American Revolution, nine of the thirteen colonies had established religions, so obviously no one was opposed to the coupling of church and state. Unfortunately, this separation talk has been so furiously pounded into our heads, that a picture is painted falsely into our heads; a picture of a roomful of godless atheists, agnostics, and deists framing our Constitution in 178... ...efore Everson v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court made countless decisions regarding religion that directly contradict the past 50 years of religious oppression. Some of these decisions refer to the U.S. as a Christian country. One, Davis v. Beason, in 1889, strikes down bigamy and polygamy, rejecting arguments that they were religious exercises. The Court states Davis, a Mormon, was wrong, and that his actions were crimes by â€Å"the laws of all civilized and Christian countries.† This decision clearly shows the intent of the legislators of the era.(Barton, Original.. p.64-65) The solution to this problem lies in educating the people of this great republic as to the intent of the Founders. In the evidence presented, it can be clearly seen that the judicial fascism being practiced today and now, is clearly not what the Founding Fathers intended for our country. The solution to the religious liberty/school prayer debate lies in the hands of Congress.(Barton, A guide.. p.36) The media portrays supporters of a school prayer amendment as a radical fringe minority, when recent studies and surveys have shown that 71% of people favor an amendment for school prayer. Separation Of Church And State Essay -- History Historical Education R Separation of Church and State By the middle of the 20th Century, the United States had emerged as a world power. It accomplished this through its leadership in defeating Germany and Japan in World War II. These two countries' main objective was to enslave the world and destroy political, religious, and economic freedom. In Germany or Japan, anyone who disagreed with these goals, or was different was destroyed. This was a common practice in these two fascist countries. Unfortunately, at the same time of its emergence as a world power, the United States began to slip into a form of judicial fascism. This slide began when the U.S. Supreme Court began to abandon the religious principles on which this nation was founded. The abandonment officially began in 1947 in Everson v. Board of Education, when the court announced, â€Å"The 1st amendment has erected a wall between church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach.† (Barton, Original†¦ p.13) This exact case began the reversal of Supreme Court trends and opinions that had lasted for one hundred and fifty years. Now, for almost fifty years, the Supreme Court , and the United States population in general, has used the phrase â€Å"separation of church and state† when referring to the religion clause of the 1st Amendment. The 1st amendment's actual wording is â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† (Barton, America: To†¦ p.15) But, because of the Supreme Court's continuous citing of a â€Å" wall of separation† and â€Å"separation of church and state†, the public's idea of the 1st amendment's religion clause has been shaped by phrases which do not appear anywhere in the Constitution. The First Congress, which passed this Amendment in 1789, intended to prohibit the establishment of a national religion. In fact, they didn't mind the establishment of â€Å"official† religions by states. At the start of the American Revolution, nine of the thirteen colonies had established religions, so obviously no one was opposed to the coupling of church and state. Unfortunately, this separation talk has been so furiously pounded into our heads, that a picture is painted falsely into our heads; a picture of a roomful of godless atheists, agnostics, and deists framing our Constitution in 178... ...efore Everson v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court made countless decisions regarding religion that directly contradict the past 50 years of religious oppression. Some of these decisions refer to the U.S. as a Christian country. One, Davis v. Beason, in 1889, strikes down bigamy and polygamy, rejecting arguments that they were religious exercises. The Court states Davis, a Mormon, was wrong, and that his actions were crimes by â€Å"the laws of all civilized and Christian countries.† This decision clearly shows the intent of the legislators of the era.(Barton, Original.. p.64-65) The solution to this problem lies in educating the people of this great republic as to the intent of the Founders. In the evidence presented, it can be clearly seen that the judicial fascism being practiced today and now, is clearly not what the Founding Fathers intended for our country. The solution to the religious liberty/school prayer debate lies in the hands of Congress.(Barton, A guide.. p.36) The media portrays supporters of a school prayer amendment as a radical fringe minority, when recent studies and surveys have shown that 71% of people favor an amendment for school prayer.

Most recently computers Essay

Art is indefinable because of its constant evolution. This evolution has taken place because art inherently has an aspect of human contribution and, therefore, is subject to progression in ways as numerous as its very creator’s changes. There are two main reasons that illustrate the fact that art is indefinable. These reasons are that art has a changing role in society, and that the various production methods of art endlessly transform. The first of the reasons is crucial because it shows that art, as a result of the human artist, will necessarily change when its human maker changes. This is what allows for art to have a specific time setting in which it will have a particular meaning and importance. Thus, because of the infusion of an artist into their art, the piece will in some degree convey a glimpse of a changing social environment. This environment may never be relevant again after that specific point in time, indirectly illustrating history and change. The second reason for illustration again focuses on how the involvement of procedural evolution does not allow for the permanent defining of art, in this case in regards to the applied art production methods. Most recently computers have revolutionized some forms of art. It has also created a new movement through the application of technology in new and unique ways to the creation process. If art had been permanently defined prior to this new use of computers it would have stifled what has become a new and exciting branch of art, and as a consequence could have limited future productions from unimagined advancements. An inflexible and permanent definition of art as a result of the aforementioned reasons is detrimental to the progression of art that is crucial to its very continuance. And as a result of this constant evolution art is indefinable.

Memorable Vacation

Are you in the mood to relax, take in the sun, and have people treat you incredibly well? If so, you should take my advice on a great place to visit. Last summer on a family vacation I went to Aruba. â€Å"Vacation is a respite or a time of respite from something : intermission; a scheduled period during which activity (as of a court or school) is suspended; a period of exemption from work granted to an employee; a period spent away from home or business in travel or recreation; an act or an instance of vacating† (vacation). A vacation is a time of relaxation. I really enjoy vacation because I don’t think about school or any other problems. Almost everyone likes to take time out from a world of work and relax once in a while. One way of relaxing that has become popular amongst the people of today’s society is to take a vacation. This action has taken off with the people of today’s society. However, a vacation can mean several different things to several different people. For some people a vacation might be a chance to relax, while to others, a vacation might mean to leave their professional work for a while, only to do another different kind of work. An example of what a vacation is to me is a trip. The trip is a chance to get away from everything and see new sights. Vacations take several shapes, but the main purpose is to relax stays constant. Taking a vacation is a good way to break the monotony of everyday life. Everyone loves getting away and going somewhere new. Seeing new things is great, but if you only have a few days to get away, you must have a plan in order to see as much as possible. We planned our next vacation in advance, not only did save us money, but it also saved us time. In planning a vacation is obviously choosing when and where to go. Vacation time is quality time for you and your family. You must figure out when your family will have the maximum amount of time to spend away. Choosing when you are going first should help determine where you want to go, due to the seasons and the weather. If your vacation is in December and it’s twenty degrees outside you probably don’t want to go and spend the weekend at the lake. Choose a destination which is compatible with the season. We are only able to go away during the summer because it is not our busy season, so we planned our trip for July. Vacations should be a time for relaxation and solitude. Everything should be easy and stress less. However, n some cases vacations can turn into stressful times away from home. In an effort to make your next vacation as stress free as possible. Most stressful vacation scenarios arise because of reservations that have fallen through, flights that have been cancelled, or baggage that has been misplaced. To avoid situations such as these make sure to plan ahead as well as possible. Be sure to relax and remember that you are on vacation. If you are a person easily upset by small things try extra hard to let them go while on vacation. Do not let your kids get to you. Children can be anxious when it comes to vacations especially on the way there. Do not worry about things back home. When you are planning your vacation make sure not to schedule too many activities into one day. Although it is tempting to see as much as possible while on vacation, you should keep in mind that you do not want to tire yourself out after one day. â€Å"The vacations that prove to be disastrous, expensive, or simply not fun are those thrown together at the last minute. However, by spending a little bit of time, you can compare prices, check out many different destination options, and end up with a wonderful vacation that you will never forget. The following six tips are just a few that you could consider when planning the perfect vacation. 1. Options – The first tip to planning the perfect vacation is to keep your options open. Instead of zeroing in on a particular destination, think of the type of environment you are most interested in, as well as activities and culture. 2. Finances – Be realistic about the amount of money you can afford for the perfect vacation. Unfortunately, many people will go on vacation knowing they are spending way over their means, only to return home and find themselves in a financial mess. 3. Travel Agency – If you are unsure where to start in planning the perfect vacation, consider working with a reputable travel agency. 4. Pet Care – Some people will kennel pets or have someone pet sit while on vacation but today, we see a growing number of individuals who want to include this important member of the family in the vacation. 5. Traveler’s Checks – Altho ugh you would likely carry some cash on your perfect vacation, we strongly recommend that you purchase American Express traveler’s checks, which are accepted just about anywhere. 6. Travel Insurance – Typically, people traveling within the United States do not purchase travel insurance but you might consider it† (Warren). A memorable vacation is one that you can never forget. Sometimes it is even hard not to stop thinking about it. Many of the places I have been include Florida, Chicago, Bahamas, Jamaica, Grand Cayman, and Mexico. All these places are great but each has a non forgettable memory that I store in my head and in my heart. I have had several vacations that have brought good memories, but one that I will never forget was my trip to Aruba in 2009 with my family. There are plenty of other attractions besides the beach that make this place great. If you are into water sports such as windsurfing, skiing, fishing, or jet skiing they have these accommodations offered at most the hotels. If you are one who likes to snorkel or scuba dive, this is the place to be. There is a great variety of fish with bright exotic colors, and through a pair of goggles you can see a whole lot due to the clean water. I highly recommend going to this tropical island. The beaches are really cool; bright white sand, crystal clear water and extremely hot weather surrounds you. Since most of the islands income is through tourism, the hotel employees treat you like a king. The beaches in Aruba are not only a place for entertainment, food and shopping, but they are also an ideal place to watch the sunset. As we drove down to the beach, my nose picked up the salty scent of the sea breeze. I looked ahead and saw the gleaming beach in the far distance. As I stepped out of the car and walked towards to the beach, I saw that the shoreline went on for miles and miles. I immediately saw the ocean with beams of sunlight shining upon it and watched as the waves crashed upon the beach. The sun shining down on the water made it look like there were thousands of diamonds placed upon the surface of the water. Almost everyone likes to take time out from a world of work and relax once in a while. One way of relaxing that has become popular amongst the people of today’s society is to take a vacation. This action has taken off with the people of today’s society. However, a vacation can mean several different things to several different people. For some people a vacation might be a chance to relax, while to others, a vacation might mean to leave their professional work for a while, only to do another different kind of work.