Ecological Systems Theory, Urie Brofenbrenner

Ecological Systems Theory, Urie Brofenbrenner The ecological systems theory of human development is proposed by Urie Brofenbrenner, a Russian American psychologist. In this theory, he stated that everything in a child and also the surrounding environment can affect the child development (Oswalt, 2008). He also developed this theory to comprehend the relationship between the child, the family, teachers, and the society (Growth and Development Theory, 2013). This ecological systems theory is divided into few different levels which are micro system, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem. The first level is micro system which is the small immediate environment that is directly connected to the child (Sincero, 2012). As an example, a child has the closest relationship with his parents and family which also can influence the childs development mentally or physically. The relationship between the child and the teachers, friends or also neighbours is also considered to be in the micro system. Next, mesosystem includes the interaction between two microsystems such as the relation between the childs home and the school (Growth and Development Theory, 2013). Exosystem is the level which includes other people and also places that may have no direct interaction with the child but still affects the childs development like his parents workplace, the neighbourhood or even the extended family members (Oswalt, 2008). Macrosystem is a larger level consists of the cultural contexts like ethnicity or other influences such as economic influences and cultural influences (Sincero, 2012). Every environmental event and transitions occur in an individuals life is included in the chronosystem (Sincero, 2012). The events such as marriage, divorce or others that can affect someones life are the examples of this system. 1.2 How does Urie Brofenbrenners ecological systems theory affect the child development? As I have already explained before about this ecological systems theory by Brofenbrenner in the previous page, this theory can actually affect the child development. According to Doll-Yogerst (2011), this model of the ecological systems recognizes that a childs development is affected by the settings and also affects the surrounding in which he spends his time every day. The relationship of the child and the microsystem can also give impact in both directions which is being called as bi-directional influences (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). For example, a childs parents may affect his behaviour or belief but he can also affect his parents behaviour or belief. Particularly, his family is the most essential setting because he spends his time mainly with the family and it has the most influence on him especially the emotion (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). This situation shows that a childs development is influenced the most by his family, if one of his parents is working as a doctor and he understands it a s doctors are good people since they help others, it may gives him the idea to be just like his parent in the future. There are also other important settings that may influence the childs development such as his extended family, teachers, peers, child care centre, school, and preschool or kindergarten (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). These settings are directly interacting with the child because he will encounter his teachers when he is at the school, or playing with his peers in the neighbourhood. The childs development is based on how he experiences while spending time in all these settings (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). It is can be seen in the situation where the child may have stumbled upon a bad experience while playing at the playground that will probably make him to avoid playing at the playground anymore or even good experiences he has that will affect his development. Other than that, a child involves in many microsystems (Bronfenbrenners Microsystems, n.d.). Each of the microsystem interacts with each other which also can be called as mesosystem. The number of quality interactions between settings also has important implications for a childs development (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). For instance, the parents and the teachers at school are both considered as microsystem from the childs point of view. These two microsystems will interact with each other in such situation like parents-teachers conference that usually being held in school. The child probably acts differently in school than at home since he is surrounded by his peers. If the child is having any difficulties or problems at school, the teacher will tell the problems to his parents so that they will acknowledge how their child is doing at school. This interaction between both parties is important that will reflect on the childs development. The other external environments that may have indirect connection with the child but still give huge impacts on him are included in the exosystem level (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). This exosystem level is when the settings that may be unknown to the child for example the parents workplace or colleagues will affect his growth. It can be exemplified in the situation when the parents coming back home with the stress that they get at their workplaces that will influence the childs thoughts (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). Besides that, the government, the economical factors, the mass media can also affect the childs development. For instance, the child is influenced by the animation series on television that leads him to follow what the characters are doing. The largest system in this theory is the macrosystem which consists of the most remote of people and things to a child nevertheless still has a great influence for the child (Oswalt, 2008). This includes cultural values, customs and laws (Ecological S ystems Theory, n.d.). As an example, the child has been raised by following the national laws that drugs are illegal or murder is a crime that will make him obey and acknowledge which is wrong and which is right. The events that happen during the transitions over a lifetime are called chronosytem, which means everything happens in a childs life while he is growing up that may changes his perception. 1.3 How does Urie Brofenbrenners ecological systems theory apply children in preschool and early primary levels. The ecological systems theory is somehow applied to the children in preschool and early primary levels. Horowitz-Degan claims that the childs behaviour can be analyzed by using the environmental influences, as well as the cognitive factors (as cited in Bronfenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). This situation can be seen in preschool or primary school, where the class acts as the microsystem that will give influences to the child. As an example, if a teacher walks into a classroom brightly, it will automatically sets up the mood of the classroom to be warm and friendly which will positively affect the childs cognitive sphere of influence then next encourage the process of learning (Van-Petegem, Creemers, Rossel, and Aelterman, 2005). For instance, a teacher teaches the students excitedly and happily in the classroom, the students will have more interest to listen to the teacher because they have been influenced by the positive vibes from their teacher. In addition, Van-Petegem defines that t he teachers behaviour can also affect the students and can be a model for the consideration of the feelings of others and the value of interactions (as cited in Bronfenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). This shows that this ecological systems theory gives effect on the childs social development in mircosystem which also can be increased through the encouragement given by the teacher. Furthermore, in the preschool centres or primary schools, there will be a playtime provided that will develop the motor skills development in the children (Brofenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). Activities such as creating craft, indoor arts like drawing, colouring or painting can also help in the growth of the students motor skills. While in the classroom, the students will be given the opportunity to speak up their opinions that may give influence to the other students who are listening to the opinions and it will help them in the intellectual development. This is because the students will start thinking about the opinions and try to relate to the knowledge that they already have. If there is an argument happen in the class, the students will try to convey their thoughts to the teacher that will also give a huge impact to them intellectually since they use their minds to counter the argument. Besides, the issues associated with the adults who are involved in the effect of the childs mic rosystem despite of the child have no direct connection to the exosystem (Brofenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). If the parents are having problems at the workplace, it will influence the child at home. Parents may be spend more time on solving their work issues that probably make the child feels that he is being ignored which affects his emotional development. The development of children will also be affected in the macrosystem even though it is the largest layer of ecological systems theory (Brofenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). In this level, the child is influenced by the cultural values that give impact on the social development. 1.4 Summary of Urie Brofenbrenners ecological systems theory. To sum up, the ecological systems theory by Urie Brofenbrenner does apply to child development including the children in preschool and early primary levels. This theory helps the children in intellectual development, emotional development and especially, the social development. Each of the levels in the ecological systems model, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem, interact with each other to help the childs development. As adults, we need to observe how the child is growing and we need to bear in mind that everything in a childs surrounding has the probability to influence their growth. Parents should be more concern about their childs microsystem in school and spare more time communication with them and not only focusing on work or career.

Blue shark

Dear George Brady, Hello, my name is Patricia Dwell, I am 14 years old and I got to the Cole Leila North School. My class read the book â€Å"Henna's suitcase† and we learned information's about the holocaust. The â€Å"Henna's suitcase† book taught me a lot, it taught me to appreciate what and who I have in my life. You have inspired me because you stayed strong through everything you had to go through during the holocaust. Whilst we were reading the book, I couldn't imagine what you and Hanna had to go through. I couldn't imagine having such a happy life with my family then next thing you know you're separated from you parents and sibling.First of all I am really sorry for your loss, losing your parents, grandma, and your sister in such a young age must have been really hard to go through. I could never imagine going through what all the Jews did. You're a really good person to look up to because you didn't give up on life, some people did give up and most survivors f rom the holocaust don't ever want to talk about what they went through. So I think that you are brave for deciding to move on life and also for telling yours and Henna's story. I think that it is very special how you are able to tell children about your story and each them to not Judge people for being different.You inspired me to never give up and Just stay strong Just like how you stayed strong through the holocaust and how you never gave up on finding information about your sister Hanna. What you went through was horrible and I hope no one else would ever have to go through what you did. Through separating from your parents and sister, the box cars, having to wear a Jude star etc. You stayed strong and you decided to keep living life really Inspired me. Learning about the Holocaust taught me to never Judge anybody by what they believe In and who they are.What happened during the Holocaust Is so horrible; I honestly can't believe people would treat Jews differently Just because th ey were different, and because they believed In different things. If everyone learned about the Holocaust, world war will hopefully never happen again. From what Vive learned I will for sure never Judge anyone for being different. Blue shark By g-annoyed decided to keep living life really inspired me. Believe in and who they are. What happened during the Holocaust is so horrible; I different, and because they believed in different things. If everyone learned about

Communism and Marxist Theory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 457 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category Politics Essay Level High school Topics: Communism Essay Did you like this example? To begin, Communism or the Marxist theory was founded Karl Marx, a German philosopher who turned turned to journalism after being turned down for teaching jobs due to his political views. Marxs investigations as a journalist led him to believe that there was systemic injustice and corruption in Germany where he lived. Leaving Germany a few years later, Marx met an old friend named Friedrich Engles in Paris, where they would soon collaborate and write the book: Manifesto of the Communist Party(1848). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communism and Marxist Theory" essay for you Create order Marx and Engles felt that the poverty, disease, and early death that plagued the working class was a result of Capitalism, and that the only way of solving it was to replace Capitalism all together. As an alternative, they wanted the means of production, things like factories, railroads, and mines, to be owned by the government and used to benefit everyone, not just the owners. After Marx died in 1883, Engles become the main representative of the Marxist theory. Engles simplified Marxism is several areas, more or less transferring it, making it more rigid and determinant than Marx had intended it to be. After Engles died in 1895, supporters of the Marxist theory split in to two groups, revolutionists and revolutionary. Revolutionists favored Marxism before Marxs passing, which had a more peaceful and gradual approach to the transition in to socialism. On the other hand, the revolutionaries would produce the front men of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and later define what we know as Communism today. Edward Bernstein, a revolutionist who became the foremen of the new Marxian theory, revised the theory in two main areas. Bernstein added an ethical element, where felt that humans should be treated with worth. He didnt like that individuals were being used as human working machines by capitalists as well as being thought as expendable for war purposes by Communists. Bernstein also felt that trade-unions and working class political parties would provide opportunities for growth in societies, which was added in later down the line. On the other side, Bernsteins biggest critic was Vladimir Lenin. Lenin, was head of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party took control over the Russian government in October 1917. Lenin made two radical changes to the Marxian theory, one of which being that instead of having a working class lead the party, Lenin wanted an elite party the was made up of extremist working-class people similar to hisself. Lenin wanted his party be secretive, tightly organized, and disciplined. The second change he made was that communism would be uprise in capitalist societies, because of a labor force that was used to trade-unions. Instead, communism would rise in failing countries like Russia at the time when Lenin took over the USSR. These beliefs show in what communism is today.

Sympathy Seeking A Thousand Acres From Shakespeare s...

Shreyas Tallamraju Ms. Laura Fitch AP English 12 1 April 2015 Sympathy-Seeking: The Alteration of Characters and their Circumstances To Manipulate Audience Sympathy in Smiley’s A Thousand Acres from Shakespeare’s King Lear There are few names as commonplace, ubiquitous, and recognizable as that of William Shakespeare. His enchanting story telling, complex plot twists, and brilliant usage of rhetoric make it easy to understand why connoisseurs of the English language are devotees to his style of writing. However, it is his extremely portable themes that endear him to today’s audience – plotlines that resonate with the modern everyday human just as much with someone from the 1600s. A direct consequence of this portability of stories is†¦show more content†¦From the beginning, we are to root for a ‘good’ daughter, who is unselfish and honest, and to hate the two ‘scheming’ daughters who manipulate their father to get what they want – land. Smiley’s A Thousand Acres, however, reshapes the original Shakespearean work by altering the who the audience feels sympathy for, and the purpose of this alteration is to convey a deeper disagreement with Shakespeare – that blind unselfishness, submission, and loyalty to authority figures, especially abusive (usually male) figures, should be frowned upon, not sympathized with. Smiley twists the portrayal of major characters to ensure the reader’s sympathy is directed at a whole new target than before, furthering her purpose in writing her inter-textual piece, and we can see this sympathy manipulated in Smiley’s reshaped portrayal of the relationship between the two older sisters (Goneril and Regan/Ginny and Rose) and the younger sister (Cordelia/Caroline), and in Smiley’s portrayal of the character development of the patriarch of the family (King Lear/Larry Cook). Shakespeare’s portrayal of the relationship between the two older sisters and the younger sister easily conveys to the readers that the older sisters are to be hated, while the younger one should be sympathized with. Shakespeare’s King Lear begins with a famous scene that involves the proclamation of love from three daughters to their father in order to receive land. â€Å"Since now we will divest us both of