Tyra Banks Essay Example

Tyra Banks Paper There are a ton of extraordinary models on the planet, models that have had any kind of effect in youthful yearning models’ lives. Naomi Campbell, Heidi Klum, and Beverly Johnson are a few models. Many state that Tyra Banks is the best supermodel ever. She creates a show that helps youngsters become fruitful models. Tyra Banks is a big cheese to youthful â€Å"wannabe† models. Tyra Lynn Banks was conceived December 4, 1973 in Los Angeles, California yet experienced childhood in Inglewood, California. Her dad, Don Banks, was a PC expert, and her mom, Carolyn London, was a clinical picture taker. When Tyra was six years of age, her folks got separated. Tyra says she was unreasonably youthful for it to have a lot of effect on her life. She lived with her mom on weekdays and her dad on ends of the week. She generally had two birthday celebrations and two Christmases, which implied twofold the presents, twofold the adoration. She was continually prodded by her more seasoned sibling, Devin, and colleagues since she was tall, exceptionally slim, and clumsy looking. Her colleagues gave her the epithet Giraffe. Every so often she used to run home crying to approach her mom for help. Her preference for food, for example, BBQ ribs, seared chicken wings, dessert and cheap food was gigantic. We will compose a custom article test on Tyra Banks explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Tyra Banks explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Tyra Banks explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Tyra likewise had an affection for Ketchup parcels. In this way to remain fit in secondary school she delighted in a ton of sports, principally b-ball, tennis, and furthermore a great deal of activity. In 1989, at 17 years old, she grew out of her cumbersome stage and started to take after a tall, surprising, caramel-skin, green-looked at excellence. ( Tyra Banks Biography) Tyra chose to turned into a model, and she began buckling down so as to change her thin physical make-up. Her objectives were accomplished. Anyway her first endeavor to discover a demonstrating organization was met with dismissal and segregation. The office said she looked excessively ethnic, or they previously had a dark model and didn’t need another. In 1990, while still in secondary school, she handled an agreement with Elite Model Management, the biggest model office on the planet. In the wake of moving on from Immaculate Heart High School in 1991, Tyra selected at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, however she chose to forego school when Elite offered to send her to Paris for high-style runway displaying. (Tyra Banks Biography) While in Paris, Tyra felt alone so he called her mom, who moved to Paris to be Tyra’s chief and closest companion. Tyra moved quickly through the positions of style demonstrating to get one of the world’s top supermodels. Before the finish of the mid 1990s, Tyra chose to come back to the United States and change to swimwear and underwear demonstrating, where curvier models are very welcome. She made her living twenty or thirty pounds heavier than the normal model and that’s when she truly got celebrated. ( Bio of Tyra Banks ) While filling in as a Victoria’s Secret model Tyra sold a bigger number of bras and underwear than any of different models all while strolling down the runway gauging 30 pounds more than different young ladies. She was on the front of a few magazines, for example, â€Å"GQ,† â€Å"Sports Illustrated Swimwear Edition,† and a Victoria’s Secret index. She marked an agreement with both Cover Girl and Victoria’s Secret, turning into a staple of both companies’ promoting efforts and runway appears. ( Bio of Tyra Banks) In 1997, she got the renowned Michael Award for Supermodel of the year and furthermore won two Teen Choice Awards for most loved supermodel. She financed a grant to assist youthful with blacking ladies go to her institute of matriculation, Immaculate Heart High School in Los Angeles, California. In 1999, Tyra established TZONE, an establishment planned for creating high school girl’s autonomy and confidence. Tyra Banks wandered into the universe of unscripted tv when she made, created, and facilitated â€Å"America’s Next Top Model. † The show, sets hopeful model in opposition to one another in an opposition for the name of America’s Next top Model. In 2005, Tyra extended her into TV introduction with her own television show, The Tyra Banks Show. Tyra Banks is as yet the best high style model on the planet. She is committed to helping little youngsters manufacture their character and be as well as can be expected be. Tyra Banks is the most accommodating individual with regards to displaying.

The Impact of Globalization and the Internet Presents Real

The subject of globalization has become a fervently challenged banter in the course of recent decades. In reality, the expanded reconciliation of worldwide economies have prompted expenses to a few and advantages to other people. These expenses and advantages are an aftereffect of three impacts of globalization, that is, extended markets, less expensive assets or a blend of the two. Right off the bat, from the business viewpoint, one impact of globalization is that of extended markets. This implies a business that had beforehand just sold its merchandise locally can begin offering items to different nations and this can build their benefit potential.Secondly, another result of respective exchange understandings is the entrance to less expensive assets. Until the beginning of the 1990's, the People's Republic of China was to a great extent shut off to the remainder of the world. Numerous organizations in the United States delivered their merchandise either locally or in zones with som ewhat more affordable work. At the point when China opened its market to the remainder of the world, be that as it may, American organizations had the option to exploit the far less expensive labor.This is known as redistributing. Less expensive work adds to less expensive costs, which thusly adds to bigger benefits. Now and then, yet not generally, this may likewise mean less expensive items and administrations. At last, International turn of events, as a result of globalization, emerges out of a mix of both extended markets just as less expensive assets. A prime case of this is India. Prior to the late 90s, the data innovation part in India was to a great extent in its outset stage.However, combined with an informed at this point reasonable workforce, outside organizations had the option to begin auxiliaries of cutting edge exercises in urban communities like Bangalore. This innovative skill spread to nearby firms, who thus developed because of extended markets both in India just as the remainder of the world. An ever increasing number of associations are getting guided into the Internet. They utilize the Internet to advance and sell their items and administrations, give client assistance, convey preparing, and share corporate data with customers, representatives, and customers.Businesses have discovered that the Internet is an amazing asset to help keep their workers and clients associated. In Vietnam, numerous associations know to take favorable circumstances of globalization and web to deal with their activities. Be that as it may, to make due in a serious domain, they should comprehend inside and out the key arranging with the help of two above elements. Vital arranging is an organization’s procedure of characterizing its system , or bearing, and settling on choice on allotting its assets to seek after this strategy.In request to decide the heading of the association, it is important to comprehend its present position and the potential roads throu gh which it can seek after a specific game-plan. By and large, key arranging manages in any event one of three key inquiries: 1. â€Å"What do we do? † 2. â€Å"For whom do we do it? † 3. â€Å"How do we exceed expectations? † With the guide of Internet, firms can utilize high innovation to get to the outside circumstance investigation, provider markets and work markets. Also, they can undoubtedly discover the database of contenders on the web to plan the alluring arrangement and costs for their own companies.References list: Wheelen, T. L. , and Hunger, J. D. (2012). Ideas in vital administration and business arrangement (thirteenth ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Myatt, M. (2011). The effect of globalization on business. Recovered from: http://www. n2growth. com/blog/the-sway of-globalization-on-business/Green , J. (2011). How Does Globalization Affect an Organization's Business Approach? Recovered from: http://smallbusiness. chron. com/globaliza tion-influence associations business-approach-20077. html

International conference followup

International conference followup *Update as of 2015: Early action is available to both domestic and international students. This past week, I attended an annual conference on international admissions (I attended last year as well). The conference brings together guidance counselors from schools across the world with US/Canada admissions officers who work with international applications. As always, it was quite fascinating; I learned a lot, met some good people, and came away with a few new ideas. One of the most interesting things to come from this group in terms of information is the international financial aid list [XLS] [PDF]. OACACs Doug Thompson works hard to regularly produce this list of all US schools that provide at least $1 million in financial aid to students who are not US citizens or permanent residents. As you might imagine, MIT is near the top in terms of total money awarded; on the most recent list, were third, supplying $8,628,074 in aid to 261 undergraduate international students (many of the other 44 unaided students come in with full scholarships from their countries or generous large corporations). But, also, as you know, admission to MIT for international students is quite competitive (~4% admission rate last year), so its good to apply to a variety of schools at varying levels of selectivity to improve your chances of being admitted to and receiving aid from a US university. This list can be of great use to all international students who have financial need (and I know most of you do). There are lots of great schools also on the list. Many of them may well known overseas, but most of these schools provide a really top-notch education in a diverse and welcoming environment. Also, due to the presence of large numbers of international students from different socio-economic backgrounds, these are also great environments for US students to look at. Let me tell you more about a just few of the standouts on this list, and how they might fit into your plans: Mount Holyoke College: Mount Holyoke is a womens liberal arts college in Western Massachusetts. It is part of the Five College Consortium and the oldest of the historic Seven Sisters colleges. Check out its science programs. Their support of international students is perhaps the most impressive of all American colleges. Berea College: Located in a small college town about 35 miles south of Lexington, Kentucky, Berea is the alma mater of Mitras Dad (not yet as famous as Sams Mom). All students receive full tuition scholarships, and is only open to students who require financial assistance. For those of you interested in engineering, Berea offers a 3-2 dual-degree engineering program. Middlebury College: Located in rural Vermont, Middlebury is best known for its foreign language programs. It is also well known for its program in Environmental Studies, the oldest in the nation. Lawrence University: Lawrence University in Wisconsin, about 100 miles from Madison and Milwaukee, is a small college focusing on liberal arts sciences. It is one of Loren Popes Colleges That Change Lives and features a noted undergraduate-only Conservatory of Music. Lafayette College: Lafayette is located in rural northeast Pennsylvania, about 75 miles from New York City and from Philadelphia. Its engineering program is well known, and it offers opportunities for undergraduate research. and there are many more where those came from. The message today is that there are many great universities in the US for international students. I hope that for those of you who are looking to come to the States for university that youll cast a wide net not just MIT, or Harvard, or the other big name schools in your applications. If you spend good time researching and planning this process, youll come away with many good options and a way to finance it. Best wishes!

10 Facts About Deinonychus, the Terrible Claw

Usc Essay Samples Options

Usc Essay Samples Options Details of Usc Essay Samples The type of essay you're looking for will be offered to you within the deadline offered to you. It will help you save you from accidentally humble-bragging your way by means of this assignment. We offer you lots of essay samples that may offer you a vivid illustration of how the essay of this or that type needs to be written. So should you need to employ college essay writer online, we're just the people that you want to contact. Utilize humor only as long as you're truly funny. Who knew essay writing may be so tough. Well, that isn't something you need to do in your admissions essay. The prompt for this essay clarifies that even when you don't have a special story to tell, you still need to don't hesitate to select this topic. While we like to find students who try something different in their essay, just bear in mind that you likewise don't wish to offend a person who reads your writing. Be sure your essay explains everything the reader needs to know to comprehend what you were facing. Stephen's essay is quite effective. These seven sample essays respond to a selection of thought-provoking questions. The absolute most intriguing essays will concentrate on small, personal moments that have shaped the way that you find the world. Order top-notch essay at this time and certified specialists will do their very best to supply you with higher quality at fair price. For a few of you, this could be a primary source of stress within the application procedure. It will help them understand how you're presenting yourself in your program, and they can also supply you with useful feedback. What's more, you have to do well to get a strong application. The essay part of the ACT is optional. While it isn't about this issue you decide to write about, it's more about how that topic is related to your life. It's possible to easily buy unique college essays and don't neglect to t ell friends and family about it. The admissions essay is part of the application that could force you to stand out as unique even among a sizable group of similarly qualified applicants. We are going to send them a copy too, together with information on how we will be able to help you with your college program. Furthermore, we've got experts in virtually all scientific disciplines to make sure your paper is going to be written by real specialist and based upon a comprehensive research. Regardless of what genre you would like Business Studies, Microeconomics, Business Management and Financial Accounting, we're here to serve your needs. We know what sorts of students colleges wish to admit. It's important to understand what USC offers, so it is possible to chat about how those resources and facilities can allow you to accomplish your interests or support your studies in a certain field. They are in reality easy and somehow simple to reply. Not only has this but it's also inexpensive. Help of Our Professional Writers Is Guaranteed We know that you wish to be certain that the help you get will guarantee your assignments are submitted in time and receive the grades that you're looking for.

Customer Satisfaction Free Essays

1. Do right things and do it right first time. This Total Quality Management Principle means that in work , one must be effective enough to do what is right. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Satisfaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now A person must produce quality work, not just an ordinary work that would affect an ordinary experience, but something that will cause you to be productive enough. Do the right things and do it the first time reflects that a person is obliged to do what is right or just and once you do it, do it like you’ve never done it before. Do it like it is your first time to do such, why? Because once you do something like it was your first, you’ll give your one hundred and one percent of effort to it because you wanted an assurance of success. Example, your manager gave you a project, he had entrusted you this project so you have to give your best efforts to it. What you have to do is give your best while you’re doing it. This only proves that you deserve to have this project and soon your boss will entrust more projects to you and maybe give you a higher position for doing a great job. 2. Management by walking around. Another Total Quality Management principle is management by walking around. For me this means continuous improvement on what you’re doing plus respect and teamwork all throughout. Management is not just about being the leader and leading your subordinates but being a good subordinate as well. It’s best for a leader if he/she is also a good follower. As they say, a good leader is a good follower. When you learn to be a good leader you also learn how to pay respect to others. Giving respect is very much important in the industry. You can’t stay long in your work if you won’t give and take respect. It’s like a mutual relationship that you have to develop in order to love your work. One must also have a strategic approach to improvement. One must not be settled and contented in being developed, because one must continue having productivity with his/her work. This will bring good effects in his/her work, because work is not just about going there everyday and doing the same old things because productivity and development will not surely go their way. How to cite Customer Satisfaction, Papers Customer Satisfaction Free Essays Whether the buyer is satisfied after purchase depend on the offers performance inrelation to the buyer expectation. In general satisfaction is a person’s feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance relation to his/her expectations. If the performance falls short of expectation, the customer is dissatisfied. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Satisfaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the performance matches the expectationcustomer is satisfied. If the performance exceeds the expectation the customer ishighly satisfied. Customer satisfaction cannot be very difficult. After all you either satisfied with theservices you receive or you are not. If you don’t you are not. If it is that easy, thenobtaining people’s opinion about how satisfied they are with relatively straightforward matter- or is it?. Customer satisfaction is a marketing tool and a definite valueaddad benefit. It is often perceived by customers as important as the primary productor service your organisation offers. It looks at what is involved from 3 different angles, the first is from the view of anorganisation wishing to understand, and measures, how satisfied its customer are withthe products and services they receive from it. The second is from the perspective of aresearch agency that has been asked to obtain feedback from customers and abouttheir experiences when dealing with companies. Finally it considers the issue from the perspective of consumers who participate in surveys, including both businesscustomers and members of general public. Customer satisfaction is a business term, is a measure of how products and servicessupplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and part of the four prospective of balancedscore card. IN a competitive market place were businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key elementof business strategy customer satisfaction drives successful private sector business. High performing businesses have developed principles and strategies for achievingcustomer satisfaction. This paper presents a framework or set of ideas for usingcustomer satisfaction principles and strategies to improve the quality responsiveness,and possibility of public sector privately provided services in vulnerable communities. The framework suggested that resident who live in tough neighbourhoods can besupported through customer satisfaction strategies to become empowered individuals How to cite Customer Satisfaction, Papers Customer Satisfaction Free Essays Part 1: Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty Definition of Consumer Satisfaction: The satisfaction of customer is considered as the popular topic at the practice on marketing and the research as academic in view of the fact that the primary study of Cardozo’s (1965) on the effort of customers, their expectations and along with the satisfaction of them. In spite of taking many attempts for measuring and explaining the satisfaction of customer, there is not so much consensus conducting in relation to the definition of the satisfaction of customer (Giese and Cote, 2000). The typical definition of customer satisfaction can be provided as the evaluative judgment of post consumption in relation to the certain product or service (Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, 1996). We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Satisfaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is considered as the outcome of the process of evaluative through which expectations of pre purchase are contrasted with performance perception in the time of or after the experience of the consumption (Oliver, 1980). The concept of the satisfaction of the customer is considered as the concept as most widely recognized which is based on the theory of expectancy disconfirmation (McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000). Oliver developed the theory which proposes that the level of satisfaction is considered as the outcome of difference among the performance as expected and perceived. The occurrence of the satisfaction can be done when an organization provides better product or services than the expectation of the customers (Positive disconfirmation). In other side, dissatisfaction can be occurred while the worse performance is provided by the organization (Negative disconfirmation). It has been showed by studies that the results of business can be impacted directly and indirectly through the satisfaction of customer. It has been concluded by Luo and Homburg (2007) that the profitability of the business can be affected by the satisfaction of customer positively. The relationship among the patterns of the behavior of the customer has been investigated by the most of the studies (Dimitriades, 2006; Olorunniwo et al. , 2006; Chi and Qu, 2008; Faullant et al. , 2008). In accordance with these findings, the loyalty of the customer can be enhanced by the satisfaction of the customer; along with this intentions of repurchasing are also influenced by the satisfaction of customer which can be concluded with positive effects a positive word of mouth leads to the positive publicity. By giving the major consideration towards the satisfaction of customer, not surprisingly there are so many researches have been done which are devoted towards the satisfaction determinants investigation. The factors as subjective and objective are assisting to determine the satisfaction for example: subjective factors are the needs of customer, emotions etc and the objective factors are the features of products and services. In application on the airlines industries, there has been occurred so many research studies through which attributes are examined which are found out by the passenger as significant in relation to the satisfaction of customer. It has been found out by Atkinson (1988) that customer satisfaction can be determined by proper scheduling, security, value for money and the staff courtesy. It has been revealed by Knutson (1988) that scheduling, comfort, convenience of goods, prompt service, safety and security, staff friendliness are required. It has been stated by Barsky and Labagh (1992) that passengers’ satisfaction can be influenced by the attitude of the employee, scheduling, goods security, landing on scheduled time etc. Akan (1995) conducted the study where it has been showed that airlines passengers’ satisfaction has the determinant of the staffs’ behavior, scheduling, timeliness, pricing of ticket, productivity and performance, robust schedule planning, etc. The conclusion has been drawn by Choi and Chu (2001) that the top factors of airline industries which can determine the satisfaction of the airline passenger are: the quality of the staff, schedule planning, values, productivity, price of ticket etc. Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Hilton Hotel: In the past, tourism has been often considered as the natural outcome of environmental and cultural resources of a specific territory. In this view, the role of hospitality enterprises cannot influence demand levels and is merely limited to the supply of services to tourists. Le Blanc ; Nguyen (1996) suggest that marketing efforts should be directed to highlight the environmental characteristics of the location in order to attract new customers. The constant increase of demand of touristic services, and the request for higher standards by the guests, has enforced the competition among hospitality suppliers and highlighted how the attractivity of the touristic destination is influenced by the standards of the services provided by the local hotels. In this scenario, providing high quality services and improving customer satisfaction are widely recognized as fundamental factors boosting the performances of companies in the hotel and tourism industry (Barsky ; Labagh, 1992; Le Blanc, 1992,; Le Blanc et al. , 1996; Stevens et al. , 1995, Opermann, 1998). Hotels with good service quality will ultimately improve their profitability (Oh ; Parks, 1997). In a competitive hospitality industry which offers homogeneous services, individual hoteliers must be able to satisfy costumers better then their counterparts (Choi ; Chou, 2001). To obtain loyalty and to outweigh other competitors, hotel providers must be able to obtain high levels of customer satisfaction for the service supplied. There are several studies that analyze the needs and the desires of tourists. A research by Wuest et al. (1996) defined the perception of hotel attributes as the degree to which guests may find various services and facilities critical for their stay in a hotel. Hotel’s attributes such as cleanliness, price, location, security, personal service, physical attractiveness, opportunities for relaxation, standard of services, appealing image, and reputation are recognized as decisive by travelers to assess the quality of the hotel (Atkinsons, 1988; Ananth et al. , 1992; Barsky Labagh, 1992; Cadotte Turgeon, 1988; Knutson, 1988; McCleary et al. , 1993; Rivers et al. , 1991; Wilensky Buttle, 1988). Part 2: Corporate culture: Culture  is defined in varying terms by different theorists. A opular  definition  is the one provided by Schein (1985: 9): A pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with the problems of external  adaptation  and integral integration – that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. The terms  organisation al culture  and corporate culture are used interchangeably in the literature to refer to the culture pervading an organisation, be it a for-profit  or a non-profit entity. Corporate culture is invariably influenced by natural or regional cultures, or macro-cultures (Hampden-Turner 1994: 12). The emphasis on  individualism  in US corporations, the emphasis on collective  decision making  in Japanese firms, and the age old burra sahib culture of British companies in colonial days are all reflections of the influence of macro-cultures on corporate culture. Corporate culture is not entirely monolithic or uniform throughout the organisation. Within the overall culture, there are usually subcultures. For example,  marketing  and accounts personnel may have different subcultures due to the differences in the  nature  of their work and  environment. The conflicts which sometimes arise among departments can be attributed to such differences. In a similar but broader vein there is a hotel culture, which in turn takes a different hold when the corporate culture of the Hilton chain is compared to that of  Sheraton. Similarly, airlines still have a different corporate culture; that of TWA and  Singapore  airlines are not the same. At International Hotel Group AG’s, fulfilling the individual needs of a clearly defined target group has been a proven recipe for success in the group’s corporate philosophy for long years. Our hotels precisely distinguish themselves not only from each other but from those of the competition as well through their individual character and extraordinary architecture. Enthusiastic, qualified staff and confident interaction based on partnership are just as important to the International Hotel Group as the fulfilment of our guests’ needs and the solution of individual, out of the ordinary problems. Each staff member in the business is responsible for actively realizing of these objectives – seen as obligation – within his/her sphere of influence. . We both require from and promote creativity in our staff in order to provide our guests with concepts that embody Lindner quality beyond expectations. In this respect, everyone is allowed to make mistakes, too, because we consider mistakes a chance to learn and improve the quality of Lindner. Through believing in the capabilities of our staff and by guaranteeing their creative and personal development, we achieve a strong commitment and creative work. Together, we create values and reach new goals. Transparency, comprehensive information and a regular exchange between the staff members in our hotels support their further qualification. We manage our business in an honest, reliable, and fair way and our relationship with business partners is characterized by partnership, respect, and cooperation. It is with this foundation of integrity in partnerships that we achieve the permanent development of our International Hotel Group. How to cite Customer Satisfaction, Papers Customer Satisfaction Free Essays Comparative Study of customer satisfaction in public sector and private sectors banks Table of Contents Acknowledgment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Satisfaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Banking Industry: An Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Objective of Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Research Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Limitations of Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 Questionnaire†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 â€Å"COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION INPUBLIC SECTOR AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS† EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The working of the customer’s mind is a mystery which is difficult to solve andunderstanding the nuances of what customer satisfaction is, a challenging task. This exercise in the context of the banking industry will give us an insight into the parameters of customer satisfaction and their measurement. In the organized segment, banking system occupies an important place in n ation’s economy. It plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a country and forms the core of the money market in an advanced country. The commercial banks in India comprise of both Public sector as well as private sector banks. There are total 28 Public sector and 27 private sector banks are functioning in the country presently. Banks have to deal with many customers everyday and render various types of services to its customer. It’s a well known fact that no business can exist without customers. Not so long ago, accessing our own money was about setting aside a couple of hours, getting to the bank before closing time, standing in one queue to get a token and then in another to collect the cash. Those were the pre-economic reforms days, when the banking sector primarily consisted of public sector banks. The banking industry like many other financial service industries is facing a rapidly changing market, new technologies, economic uncertainties, fierce competition and more demanding customers and the changing climate has presented an unprecedented set of challenges . Banking is a customer oriented services industry, therefore, the customer is the focus and customer service is the differentiating factors . The banking industry in India has undergone sea change since post independence. More recently, liberalization, the opening up of the economy in the 90s and the government ‘decision to privatize banks by reduction in state ownership culminated in the banking reforms based on the recommendations of Narasimha Committee. The prime mover for banks today is profit, with clear indications from the government to ‘perform or perish’. Banks have also started realizing that business depends on client service and the satisfaction of the customer and this is compelling them to improve customer service and build up relationship with customers. The main driver of this change is changing customer needs and expectations. Customersin urban India no longer want to wait in long queues and spend hours in bankingtransactions. This change in customer attitude has gone hand in hand with thedevelopment of ATMs, phone and net banking along with availability of service right atthe customer’s doorstep. With the emergence of universal banking, banks aim to provideall banking product and service offering under one roof and their endeavor is to becustomer centric. With the emergence of economic reforms in world in general and inIndia in particular, private banks have come up in a big way with prime emphasis ontechnical and customer focused issues. The purpose of this paper is to compare the public sector banks and private sector banksin terms of customer satisfaction and to find out the various reasons of customer dissatisfaction in these banks. The data was collected by getting the questionnaire filled by the respondents who were using the banking services.. INTRODUCTION In the organised segment, banking system occupies an important place in nation’seconomy. It plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a country and forms the core of the money market in an advanced country. The commercial banks in India comprise of both Public sector as well as private sector banks. There are total 28 Public sector and 27 private sector banks are functioning in the country presently. Banks have to deal with many customers everyday and render various types of services to itscustomer. It a well known fact that no business can exist without customers. Customer satisfaction , a business term, is a measure of how products and servicessupplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. It is seen as a key performance indicator within business. In a competitive marketplace where businessescompete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator andincreasingly has become a key element of business strategy. Customer satisfaction is an ambiguous and abstract concept and the actual manifestation of the state of satisfaction will vary from person to person and service to service. The state of satisfaction depends on a number of both psychological and physical variables. The banking industry like many other financial service industries is facing a rapidly changing market, new technologies, economic uncertainties, fierce competition and more demanding customers and the changing climate has presented an unprecedented set of challenges . Banking is a customer oriented services industry, therefore, the customer isthe focus and customer service is the differentiating factors The banking industry in India has undergone sea change since post independence. More recently, liberalization, the opening up of the economy in the 90s and the government’s decision to privatize banks by reduction in state ownership culminated in the banking reforms based on the recommendations of Narasimha Committee. The prime mover for banks today is profit, with clear indications from the government to ‘perform or perish’. Banks have also started realizing that business depends on client service and the satisfaction of the customer and this is compelling them to improve customer service and build up relationship with customers. With the current change in the functional orientation of banks, the purpose of banking is redefined. The main driver of this change is changing customer needs and expectations. Customers in urban India no longer want to wait in long queues and spend hours in banking transactions. This change in customer attitude has gone hand in hand with the development of ATMs, phone and net banking along with availability of service right at the customer’s doorstep. With the emergence of universal banking, banks aim to provide all banking product and service offering under one roof and their endeavor is to be c ustomer centric. With the emergence of economic reforms in world in general and in India in particular, private banks have come up in a big way with prime emphasis on technical and customer focused issues. LITERATURE REVIEW Not so long ago, accessing our own money was about setting aside a couple of hours, getting to the bank before closing time, standing in one queue to get a token and then in another to collect the cash. Those were the pre-economic reforms days, when the banking sector primarily consisted of public sector banks. Cut to the present day and the nature of banking has changed beyond recognition. With ATM cards, simple banking transactions like withdrawing and depositing money are easier than ever before. For the tech-savvy, there is the option of banking online. Then next medium may just be your mobile. Even when it comes to products, the changes have been many. Graduating from simplesavings accounts and fixed and recurring deposits, banks now offer a host of productslike special savings account and sweep-in-account, no frills accounts and easy receiveaccount. Private sector banks may have taken the lead, but public sector banks, with their vast client base and unparalleled treasury of trust, are evolving their own brand of customer-friendliness. Because satisfaction is basically a psychological state, care should be taken in the effortof quantitative measurement, although a large quantity of research in this area hasrecently been developed. Work done by Berry (Bart Allen) and Brodeur between 1990and 1998 defined ten ‘Quality Values’ which influence satisfaction behavior, further expanded by Berry in 2002 and known as the ten domains of satisfaction. These tendomains of satisfaction include: Quality, Value, Timeliness, Efficiency, Ease of Access ,Environment, Inter-departmental Teamwork, Front line Service Behaviors, Commitmentto the Customer and Innovation. These factors are emphasized for continuousimprovement and organizational change measurement and are most often utilized todevelop the architecture for satisfaction measurement as an integrated model. Work done by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (Leonard L) between 1985 and 1988 provides the basis for the measurement of customer satisfaction with a service by using the gap between the customer’s expectation of performance and their perceived experience of performance. This provides the measurer with a satisfaction â€Å"gap† which is objective andquantitative in nature. Work done by Cronin and Taylor propose the†confirmation/disconfirmation† theory of combining the â€Å"gap† described byParasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry as two different measures (perception and expectation of performance) into a single measurement of performance according to expectation. According to Garbrand, customer satisfaction equals perception of performance divided by expectation of performance. The usual measures of customer satisfaction involve a survey with a set of statements using a Likert Technique or scale. The customer is asked to evaluate each statement and in term of their perception and expectation of performance of the organization being measured. The working of the customer’s mind is a mystery which is difficult to solve andunderstanding the nuances of what customer satisfaction is, a challenging task. This exercise in the context of the banking industry will give us an insight into the parameters of customer satisfaction and their measurement. This vital information will help us to build satisfaction amongst the customers and customer loyalty in the long run which is anintegral part of any business. The customer’s requirements must be translated andquantified into measurable targets. This provides an easy way to monitor improvements, and deciding upon the attributes that need to be concentrated on in order to improve customer satisfaction. We can recognize where we need to make changes to create improvements and determine if these changes, after implemented, have led to increased customer satisfaction. â€Å"If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it. † – Lord William Thomson Kelvin (1824-1907). MEASURING CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY Introduction: Banking operations are becoming increasingly customer dictated. The demand for ‘banking supermalls’ offering one-stop integrated financial services is well on the rise. The ability of banks to offer clients access to several markets for different classes of financial instruments has become a valuable competitive edge. Convergence in theindustry to cater to the changing demographic expectations is now more than evident. Bancassurance and other forms of cross selling and strategic alliances will soon alter the business dynamics of banks and fuel the process of consolidation for increased scope of business and revenue. The thrust on farm sector, health sector and services offers severalinvestment linkages. In short, the domestic economy is an increasing pie which offers extensive economies of scale that only large banks will be in a position to tap. With the phenomenal increase in the country’s population and the increased demand for banking services; speed, service quality and customer satisfaction are going to bekey differentiators for each bank’s future success. Thus it is imperative for banks toget useful feedback on their actual response time and customer service quality aspects of retail banking, which in turn will help them take positive steps to maintain a competitive edge. The working of the customer’s mind is a mystery which is difficult to solve andunderstanding the nuances of what customer satisfaction is, a challenging task. This exercise in the context of the banking industry will give us an insight into the parameters of customer satisfaction and their measurement. This vital information will help us to build satisfaction amongst the ustomers and customer loyalty in the long run which is anintegral part of any business. The customer’s requirements must be translated andquantified into measurable targets. This provides an easy way to monitor improvements, and deciding upon the attributes that need to be concentrated on in order to improve customer satisfaction. We can recognize where we need to make changes to create improvements and determine if these changes, after implemented, have led to increased customer satisfaction. â€Å"If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it. † – Lord William Thomson Kelvin (1824-1907). The Need to Measure Customer Satisfaction: Satisfied customers are central to optimal performance and financial returns. In many places in the world, business organizations have been elevating the role of the customer to that of a key stakeholder over the past twenty years. Customers are viewed as a groupwhose satisfaction with the enterprise must be incorporated in strategic planning efforts. Forward-looking companies are finding value in directly measuring and trackingcustomer satisfaction (CS) as an important strategic success indicator. Evidence ismounting that placing a high priority on CS is critical to improved organizational performance in a global marketplace. With better understanding of customers’ perceptions, companies can determine theactions required to meet the customers’ needs. They can identify their own strengths andweaknesses, where they stand in comparison to their competitors, chart out path future progress and improvement. Customer satisfaction measurement helps to promote anincreased focus on customer outcomes and stimulate improvements in the work practicesand processes used within the company. When buyers are powerful, the health and strength of the company’s relationship with itscustomers – its most critical economic asset – is its best predictor of the future. Assets onthe balance sheet – basically assets of production – are good predictors only when buyersare weak. So it is no wonder that the relationship between those assets and future incomeis becoming more and more tenuous. As buyers become empowered, sellers have nochoice but to adapt. Focusing on competition has its place, but with buyer power on therise, it is more important to pay attention to the customer. Customer satisfaction is quite a complex issue and there is a lot of debate and confusionabout what exactly is required and how to go about it. This article is an attempt to reviewthe necessary requirements, and discuss the steps that need to be taken in order tomeasure and track customer satisfaction. What constitutes Satisfaction? The meaning of satisfaction:†Satisfied† has a range of meanings to individuals, but itgenerally seems to be a positive assessment of the service. The word â€Å"satisfied† itself had a number of different meanings for respondents,which can be split into the broad themes of contentment/happiness, relief, achieving aims, achieving aims and happy with outcome and the fact that they did not encounter any hassle: Happy – Content Happy, pretty happy, quite happy – Pleased – Walked out of there feeling good – Walk out of there chuffed – Grateful the service has been OK Relieved – Thank God for that – Phew – At ease – Can relax – Stress reduction – Secure – Safe – Go to the bank with a troubled m ind and they sort it out for you – Sleep at night without worrying what’s going to go on – Everything is sorted out in your mind and you’re happy – Secure, you know the money has been sorted out – Knowing the money’s going to be there Achieving aims – Achieving your aim or goal – Getting what you went in for – Achieve whatever it is you wanted to achieve Come away with a proportion of what you want – Got what wanted in the end- Got what you went down for – Everything went according to plan, the way it should have done – Met expectations – To be unsatisfied is when you come out and you are still on the same level as you were before Achieving aims, and happy with outcome – Happy with the results – Happy with what you’ve got – When you walk out you’re happy they’ve sorted everything out and quickly – Happy with outcome – Pleased with what’s happened – Content with what’s been done for you – A feeling of happiness having achieved your goal You go in there feeling down and the only way you are going to come out satisfied is if they have been good to you No hassle – Not frustrated – Everything goes smooth – No hassle- No problems – No hassle getting there – Straightforward Clearly then there is some variation in understanding of the term. Some of theinterpretations fit with the definitions used in much of the service quality and satisfaction literature, where Satisfaction is viewed as a zero state, merely an assessment that theservice is adequate, as opposed to â€Å"delight† which reflects a service that exceedsexpectations. However, most respondents have more positive interpretations of the term. These questions allow us to identify priorities for improvement by comparing satisfaction with stated (overt) importance, comparing satisfaction with modeled (covert) importance(from identifying key drivers of overall satisfaction), as well as respondents’ own stated priorities. Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction: There is a great deal of discussion and disagreement in the literature about the distinction between service quality and satisfaction. The service quality school view satisfaction as an antecedent of service quality – satisfaction with a number of individual transactions â€Å"decay† into an overall attitude towards service quality. The satisfaction school holds the opposite view that assessments of service quality lead to an overall attitude towards the service that they call satisfaction. There is obviously a strong link between customer satisfaction and customer retention. Customer’s perception of Service and Quality of product will determine the success of the product or service in the market. If experience of the service greatly exceeds the expectations clients had of the service then satisfaction will be high, and vice versa.. In the service quality literature, perceptions of service delivery are measured separately from customer expectations, and the gap between the two provides a measure of service quality. Expectations and Customer Satisfaction: Expectations have a central role in influencing satisfaction with services, and these inturn are determined by a very wide range of factors lower expectations will result in higher satisfaction ratings for any given level of service quality. This would seem sensible; for example, poor previous experience with the service or other similar services is likely to result in it being easier to pleasantly surprise customers. However, there are clearly circumstances where negative preconceptions of a service provider will lead to lower expectations, but will also make it harder to achieve high satisfaction ratings – and where positive preconceptions and high expectations make positive ratings more likely. The expectations theory in much of the literature therefore seems to be an over-simplification. BANKING INDUSTRY : AN OVERVIEW For centuries banks have played an important role in in fnancial system of the country. The vital role continues even today although the form of banking have changed todaywith changing need of the economy and individuals. With expansion of trade andcommerce, the concept of banking gained importance. The of banking transcended fromindividuals to groups and later to companies. During the Moghul period the indigenous bankers played a very important role in lending money and financing foreign trade inIndia. During British rule the agency houses carried on the banking business. TheBanking system in India has three tiers. There are scheduled commercial banks; theregional rural banks; and the cooperative banks. The scheduled commercial banksconstitute those banks which are included in the second schedule of RBI Act 1934. In the organised segment, banking system occupies an important place in nation’seconomy. It plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a country and forms thecore of the money market in an advanced country. The commercial banks in Indiacomprise of both Public sector as well as private sector banks. There are total 28 Publicsector and 27 private sector banks are functioning in the country presently. Banks have todeal with many customers everyday and render various types of services to itscustomer. It’s a well known fact that no business can exist without customers. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of this study is to compare the public sector banks and private sector banksin terms of customer satisfaction and to find out the various reasons of customer dissatisfaction in these banks SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the study is confined in comparing the Public sector and private sector banks in terms of customer satisfaction. The study will be undertaken on the basis of sample survey. Research Methodology Sample and data collection This survey was conducted in the context of banking services. 50 percent of the datawere collected in face-to-face interviews of customers coming to banks. For theremaining 50 percent, the data were collected by visiting the customer’s homes. Thestudy provides a representative sample of various banks customers in Delhi only. Research design The research design would be descriptive and cross sectional Data collection The data would be collected from primary source through questionnaires and interviews. Sample size The sample would be selected on random basis. A sample of 50 respondents would beUsed in the research. Data Sources Both Secondary and Primary Sources of data will be used. The major type of information used is primary data. This is done thru primary survey. The literature review is a secondary data type. The sources include books, periodicals,websites, printed literature etc. How to cite Customer Satisfaction, Essay examples

The National Organization Essay Example

The National Organization Essay The National Organization for Womens Impact on Women in America. BY decapitate Priscilla Ditz 12th grade History East Side Community High School The Time Is NOW: The National Organization for Womens Impact on Women In America. Since we all came from a women, got our name from a women, and our game from a women. I wonder why we take from women, why we rape our women, do we hate our women? I think its time we killed for our women, be real to our women, try to heal our women, cause If we dont well have a race of babies that will hate the ladies, who make the babies. And since a man cant make one he has no right to tell a women when and where to create one ? Outpace Shaker In the sass, Second-wave feminism emerged in a political movement known as the Womens Liberation Movement. Women were cast under the shadows of men because many believed their sole purpose In society was to cater to them and their needs. Betty Friedman, a women rights activist, founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) In order to take action by creating domestic equality as well as equality in the work place. In 1966, NOW became a revolutionary organization that ought for equal rights in all aspects of the social realm. NOW played a big role in starting the Womens Liberation Movement and influenced the actions of other feminist movements. During the mid-20th century, Betty Friedman emerged as a prominent writer, feminist and womens rights activist. She published book, The Friendly Mystique In 1963, which explored the Idea of women finding personal fulfillment within themselves Instead of what society saw as their traditional gender roles. Traditionally, American women were believed to be domestic caregivers. We will write a custom essay sample on The National Organization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The National Organization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The National Organization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Their place was in the home, to clean, cook and watch over their children. In her book, Friedman revealed the problem with no name that many women seemed to have trouble with . The problem was that women were excluded from opportunities and could not develop their own Identities. The problem with no name was a concept that Friedman used to explain that women suffered because they had a hunger that food cannot fill. Women wanted more than just to care for their husbands and childrenthey had dissatisfaction with the expectation that they could only be a housewife. At that time, the idea of women finding their own identity seemed a bit outrageous to many people and some people even believed that Friedman was delusional for defining such a complex problem. Although The Feminine Mystique sparked criticism, It created a path of hope for women who wanted equal partnership century also endured a long battle for their rights. For many years, women fought to gain equal political rights, such as the right to vote. On August 18, 1920 the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified. The amendment stated, The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. 3 Long before the womens liberation movement unfolded, the womens suffrage movement fought for nearly 100 years to win that right. Leaders such as Alice Paul, who founded the National Womens Party, made it possible to obtain that right despite the obstacles of anti-suffragists. After the Nineteenth Amendment was p assed, women were allowed to vote. While women were responsible to play their gender roles, they have been in the workforce long before they were able to vote. Though women worked, they were often shut out of male dominated professions and organizations. For example, in 1900 very few women ad Joined the Teamsters a union made for men, but the union excluded women from having higher positions or manly Jobs. 4 However, during WI, Job opportunities that had previously been closed-off to women but opened up because men were away fighting. By the mid sasss, about 6 million women Joined the civilian labor work force and began working in superior positions during WI. The women who worked rose from about 27 percent to 37 percent as women continued to replace the men who were at war. 6 Despite the fact that women were working like the men, they still received 60 percent less pay than men, had little Job security and he income gap between men and women grew rapidly. As the war drew to a close, women either lost or left the workforce to pursue the American family dream that many Americans wished for after the war. The dissatisfaction of women after WI led to the emergence of Friedman and The Feminine Mystique. After Friedman wrote the book, she was launched into the center of the Womens Liberation Movement. She founded the National Organization for Women (NOW), which became one of the most groundbreaking civil rights organizations in the late sass. NOWs main focus was to have equal partnership and participation for women in all spheres of life. The organization was formed on June 30, 1966 at the National Conference of the Commission on the Status of Women, where other attendees such as Friedman demanded changes for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Friedman and Pauli Murray, who was the First African American woman Episcopal priest, wrote NOWs original statement of purpose, which stated: The purpose of NOW is to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men. nows Statement of Purpose sets forth its termination to take action to achiev e its goal of equality for women, and NOW was determined to make that change. They pointed out several statistics to show the inequalities women received and the kind of Jobs they had. The statement declared, Although 46. 4% of all American women between the ages of 18 and 65 now work outside the home, the over-whelming in routine clerical, sales, or factory Jobs, or they are household workers, cleaning women, hospital attendants. About two-thirds of Negro women workers are in the lowest paid service occupations10 This reflects a pattern for women throughout history and NOW all women. NOW was the voice for women white or black who felt deprived from true freedom and liberty. The traditional roles and expectations for women still had a powerful impact on society, because although some women were in the workforce, they were limited, and their place was still widely considered to be in the home. After NOW created their statement of purpose, they adopted a Bill of Rights in 1967 which listed specific legal rights that became law since. All First, NOW demanded an end to discrimination employment, That equal employment opportunity be guaranteed to all women, as well as men, by insisting that Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforces the prohibition against racial discrimination. 12 This law aimed at gender discrimination and in 1968, EEOC finally agreed to bar gender specific Job ads. 13 This was Knows first victory. Second, NOW demanded that women received maternity leave demanding, That women be protected by law to ensure their rights to return to their Jobs within a reasonable time after childbirth without loss of seniority or other accrued benefits, and be paid maternity leave as a form of social security and/or employee benefits. 14 In 1993, congress passed the Family Leave Act, which provided workers up to 12 weeks per year of family leave for the birth or adoption of a child, or illness of a family member. 15 Another important law that NOW demanded was the Equal Education Opportunity Act which states, That the right of women to be educated to their full potential equally with men be secured by Federal and State legislation, eliminating all discrimination and segregation by sex, written and unwritten, at all levels of education, including colleges, graduate and professional schools, loans, and fellowships, and Federal and State training programs such as the Jobs Corps. 6 In 1972, a federal law known as Title IX was established prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex at any educational institution that receives any federal financial assistance. 17 Lastly, NOW demanded reproductive rights asking for, The right of women to control their own reproductive lives by removing from the penal code laws limiting access to contraceptive informa tion and devices, and by repealing penal laws governing abortion. 18 In 1970, New York allowed abortion on demand up to the 24th week of pregnancy, as Gob. Nelson A. Rockefeller signs a bill repealing the states 1830 law that banned abortion. Then, in 1973, the Supreme Court announced its decision in Roe v Wade, which established a womans right to have an abortion during the first two trimesters of pregnancy. 20 Though NOW was one of the most active and prominent organizations in the womens liberation movement, other groups that were influenced by NOW were also accomplishing things. NOW was the spark, or more like the beginning of a revolution for women. All these other movements shared a similar emphasis on womens rights, but these groups took on cultural forms of gender oppression, not legal ones. Feminist groups began to emerge such as the New York Radical Women (NARY), which formed in 1968. 21 One of the issues that the NARY targeted was the Miss American Pageant where they protested against the pageants underlying values, The Miss America demonstration is often described as the beginning of the second wave of feminism in the United States. It was certainly the first time that the mainstream media?the television news, magazines, and newspapers?covered radical feminist protest NEWER believed that the pageant high-heels, playboy magazines, etc. Onto the Freedom Trash Can. 23 This was referred to as the Bra-Burning Movement, and although there werent any bras actually burning, it became a symbol of the womens liberation. The outcome of this movement was to change the way society viewed women, and to gain more rights. Minority women also formed separate organizations such as the National Black Feminist Organization (INFO) which was founded in May 1973. 24 Their first meeting to ok place in New York City? in the same office that NOW used, and addressed the double burden of sexism and racism that black women faced. Prominent activists such as Doris Wright wrote the statement of purpose for the INFO when the organization was formed, to address ourselves to the particular and specific needs f the larger, but almost cast aside half of the black role in Merrimack, the black women By February 1974 there were over 2,000 members. 25 Most of these members were usually members from popular organization such as NOW. However, INFO was a short-lived organization and disbanded in 1976. Some of the women who participated in the massive Miss America protest organized the Redirections, another group that influenced the debate on womens rights. The Redirections went on to occupy the offices of the Ladies Home Journal, and demanded that they be allowed to publish a liberated issue, and the magazine agreed. The issue included several ideologies that the organization believed. For example, the article stated, Our oppression is total, affecting every facet of our lives. We are exploited as sex objects, breeders, domestic servants, and cheap labor. We are considered inferior beings, whose only purpose is to enhance mens lives. 26 Though this organization lasted several of years, it was able to send out a few messages about how women were viewed to society. However, these radical feminists had a different kind of belief. They wanted to prove to society that women should overrule men, and women should be he ones making the decision, whereas NOW Just wanted equality for both men and women. Redirections conveyed in this issue that women would no longer stand around serving men; the tables must be turned for once. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a constitutional Amendment drafted by Alice Paul in 192, demanding that all men and women shall have equal rights in the US. 27 NOWs campaign to ratify the ERA became one of the organizations best-known endeavors. However, NOWs leaders were not immediately successful in convincing others to Join. In an article about the ERA, Martha Griffith writes, The National Organization for Women, founded in 1966, poured money and time into grass roots campaigns in each state to push for ratification. Rallied by the amendment and the belief that the ERA would be the final push for legislative equality, in February 1977 NOW encouraged a boycott of all states that had not ratified the amendment28 The passing of the ERA could have been a life changing experience to all women, and for organization like NOW who were in support of such an amendment. Unfortunately, the ERA was not ratified by its 1982 deadline, falling short by only three states. The ERA was never added to the constitution. So, why didnt the ERA get ratified? The ERA finally passed the U. S. Senate and House of Representatives in 1972. Congress included a seven-year deadline for ratification by % of the states meaning that 38 out of 50 states had to ratify the amendment by 1979. 29 The ERA received an extension short of becoming a part of the Constitution. Part of that reason was because those states included groups and people who opposed the ERA, people such as Phyllis Scholarly. She was a successful author and activist who formed the National Committee to Stop the ERA. She opposed it for allegedly striking at the traditionalist Emily and religious values. A successful housewife and mother of six, Scholarly has been a broadcaster for CBS, a television commentator, along authored dozens of books, and ran for congress three times. Yet she strongly believed that a womans place is in the home. 30 In addition to her strong feelings towards traditional values, she believed that the ERA would make matters worse. For example, One concern she noted was that the ERA would destroy the institution of marriage. She also identified, by description, not by name, gays and lesbians as being the main people behind the ERA Scholarly also argued that the ERA would lead to sexually integrated bathrooms and prison cells, even though such were not ever among goals of any large segment of the equal rights movement31 Scholarly already believed that the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act provided enough gender protection for women. By using the word sex in the amendment, she claimed the ERA would open the door to gay rights. She also believed that the ERA was powerful enough to ban marriage. Scholarly and her beliefs were persuasive enough to assure that only 35 states passed the ERA, three short of the number needed to ratify it. NOW has been a huge influence for other organizations because of all its achievements. While most of these organizations and movements may have a place in society, NOW is the largest feminist organization in the nation, with more than 500,000 contributing members and has more than 500 local campus affiliates in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. 2 NOW still has the same goals and priorities as they did in the ass. They are still pressing for an amendment to the U. S. Constitution that will guarantee equal rights for women, achieving economic equality for women, championing for abortion sights, reproductive freedom and other womens health issues, supporting civil rights for all and opposing racism, opposing bigotry against lesbians and gays, and ending violence against women. 33 In todays world, most young women are oblivious to womens history and what it took to receive the kind of freedom women have today. And while its true that theres some things we still need to achieve, women still have come a long way to get to where we are today. The name NOW was chosen because women wanted changes immediately. It had been over 100 years since Seneca Falls Declaration of Principles happened and women struggling for equality. They didnt want to wait another 100 years to make a difference, they wanted it now! However, instead of recognizing the accomplishments women have made, today in society women are still cornered and limited. For example, in 2012, the median weekly earnings for full-time working women were $691 , compared to $854 for men. 34 Just that fact alone proves why people still push for the ERA to happen. In society today, women are currently in the middle of finding themselves and their identity, but they are blinded by the medias interpretation of how women would be. The young women today are being bombarded with mixed messages and many are embracing the role of sex objects. But what we need to realize is that its not only the medias fault. Its the lack of information that our young women receive those laws on the Bill of Rights, they probably would appreciate themselves and the women who fought for us. While doing research, I came to recognize how fortunate I am to live in a generation where young women like me can go to college, can vote, can have my own voice, and that Im not forced to be what society wants me to be. The sexualities images of the women in music videos can be damaging where those women have been reduced to simply an object for anothers sexual use. However, it is the individual to choose whether or not they want to follow that road. While we do have all the positive role models such as actresses like Reese Weatherperson, or Hillary Clinton, or even Sonic Estimator, we are still bombarded with images that reduce women as sex objects. We need to drive home the message that exposed bodies arent what make you a woman. More and more in this modern age the world is populated with women who are free to be who they choose to be. We should praise ND celebrate the free thinking woman, and embrace independence the way that Alice Paul did, and the way that the women of NOW did.

All About Chinese Wedding Flowers

All About Chinese Wedding Flowers Chinese wedding flowers are used mostly as a decoration on tables at Chinese weddings and large bouquets of colorful flowers (typically pink and red) are often given to the bride and groom as gifts. These elaborate bouquets usually line the hall leading to the wedding reception. Some brides opt to carry a small bouquet though this is usually just for wedding photos. Lilies are popular Chinese wedding flowers because the word lily (ç™ ¾Ã¥ Ë†, bÇŽi hà ©) sounds like the ç™ ¾Ã¥ Ë† ( bÇŽi hà ©) part of the proverb ç™ ¾Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ Ë† (BÇŽinin hÇŽo hà ©, happy union for one hundred years). The flower also represents bringer of sons. Orchids are another popular Chinese wedding flower. Orchids symbolize love and a married couple. Orchids also represent wealth and fortune. The lotus is also a popular Chinese wedding flower. A lotus bloom with a leaf and bud symbolizes a complete union. Two lotus blooms or a lotus and a blossom on one stem represent a wish for shared heart and harmony because è  · (hà ©) means union.

How Hard Is the SAT Spanish Subject Test

How Hard Is the SAT Spanish Subject Test SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips  ¿Estudias espaà ±ol? ¿Hablas espaà ±ol en casa?Are you wondering if you should take the SAT Subject Test in Spanish? Let's review what it covers and how students usually score so you can decide if the SAT Subject Test in Spanish is right for you. First, you have to know what's on the test. Step 1: Familiarize Yourself With the Spanish Subject Test Before you can decide if your language skills are up to the challenge, you should know all about the SAT Subject Test in Spanish- when it's offered, how it's structured, and what's on it. When Is the Spanish Subject Test Offered? There are two options for taking the SAT Subject Test in Spanish: the Listening test and the non-Listening, or Reading-only, test. Spanish with Listening is offered only on one test date in November, while the Reading version is offered on all the other test dates- in May, June, August, October, and December. To see the exact dates and figure out when you should take the tests, check out this article.Besides when they're offered, what are the differences between the Listening and Reading options? How Is the Spanish Subject Test Structured? Both tests ask 85 multiple choice questions in 60 minutes. Here's the breakdown of the Reading Subject Test: 33% vocabulary and structure 33% paragraph completion 33% reading comprehension The Listening test, on the other hand, has this structure: 40% listening (e.g. describing a picture, continuing a short conversation, or answering comprehension questions) 60% reading (vocabulary and structure, paragraph completion, and reading comprehension). As you can see, if you choose the Spanish with Listening Subject Test, your listening skills are a significant portion of the test. However, your Listening subscore will count half as much as your reading subscore, which I'll explain more below in the section about how the test is scored. Both subscores will be reported on your score report, but the reading will count more towards your overall scaled score. The Listening portion is 20 minutes long. You are required to bring a CD player to listening to the Subject Test. Read more about the CD player guidelines here. While the skills being tested differ, between the two tests, both cover similar content. What Does the Spanish Subject Test Cover? The tests cover the following areas of understanding. Different parts of speech Basic idioms Ability to fill in words or expressions within the context of a sentence Understanding of vocabulary and structure questions within paragraphs Understanding of main points, supporting ideas, themes, style, tone, and setting of passages, which may be drawn from fiction, news articles, historical works, letters, and advertisements This practice question, for example, tests your ability to fill in a word in the correct part of speech in the context of a sentence. Difficulty level: easy. Here's a similar sample question that tests your understanding of the subjunctive form. Difficulty level: hard. Try some more sample questions from the Spanish Subject Test here, and determine whether they feel easy or hard to you. This is one important action you can take to determine your language level. Mike knows enough Spanish to ask where the bathroom is, but not enough to express all the love that's in his heart. BreakPresents/YouTube. Step 2: Know Your Spanish Language Level College Board suggests that you should have three to four years of studying Spanish or two or more years of intensive study to take the SAT Subject Test in Spanish. If you're nearing the end of AP Spanish and are getting an A, then you are likely in a strong position to score highly on the Subject Test. If you're in Spanish 3, and have not studied Spanish intensively, like in AP classes, then you might not be ready yet. Again, trying practice questions will help give you a sense of the test and whether you feel your language skills are ready. Your Spanish teachers might also have advice on whether your high school curriculum has sufficiently prepared you for the Subject Test. If you're a native speaker, you should still study for the test to make sure you know grammar and other rules of the language. Don't worry about expressions unique to one country- the test is not supposed to have any region-specific sayings. Research your college to learn their Subject Test requirements and expectations. Some might be impressed with your high score on a language test. Others might prefer you opt for another test, if they already know that you're a native speaker of Spanish. For more on this, check out our expert guide: Which SAT Subject Test Should You Take? It's also important to consider how strong your reading vs. listening comprehension in Spanish is. The Spanish with Listening gives that extra dimension of understanding and may help with placement into a more advanced language level in college. The grading curve is often more competitive for the Listening test, as students who opt for that one are typically fluent or have particularly strong Spanish skills. So if you're really not confident in your listening comprehension, you probably want to steer clear of the Listening test. Let's take a closer look at what I mean when I talk about a competitive grading curve. Step 3: Consider the Grading Curve Along with your Subject Test score out of 800, you'll also get a percentile. This percentile compares you to other students who took the test. If you score in the 75th percentile, for example, then you scored higher than 75% of other students and lower than 25%. This table shows how the Spanish Subject Test scores converted to percentiles last year. You can see that the Spanish Subject Test with Listening is slightly more competitive. The same score is a slightly lower percentile on the Listening test than the Reading test. Check out this table, based on data from the College Board, and then scroll down for a discussion of what this data means for how difficult the SAT Subject Test in Spanish is. Score Spanish with Listening Percentile Spanish with Reading Percentile 800 94 92 790 91 90 780 86 87 770 82 84 760 78 80 750 74 77 740 69 74 730 66 70 720 62 67 710 58 64 700 55 60 690 51 57 680 46 54 670 43 50 660 40 47 650 38 44 640 35 41 Average (50th percentile) scores on the tests are in the upper 600s. Let's take a look at what you need to score in the 70th, 80th, and 90th percentile. Good Scores for Spanish Listening 70th percentile:750+ 80th percentile:770+ 90th percentile:790+ Good Scores for Spanish Reading 70th percentile: 730+ 80th percentile: 760+ 90th percentile: 790+ To score in a high percentile compared to other test-takers, you have to score quite high, between 750 and 800, on the tests. While this might sound like a tall order, it's actually well within your reach if you have the requisite Spanish language skills and take time to prepare for the Subject Test. Read this article for more on the average scores of the SAT Subject Tests and what constitutes a good score on each test (it's different for each one). This data can help you set target scores and design your study plan. Let's take a look at how the scoring works, so you can keep this in mind as you study for the test. Step 4: Know How the Spanish Subject Test Is Scored Unlike the general SAT, for the Spanish Subject test (and all other Subject Tests), you lose points for incorrect answers.Spanish Subject Test gives you 1 point for every correct answer, 0 points for skipped answers, and -1/3 point for wrong answers. These points add up to your raw score, which is then converted to a scaled score between 200 and 800 through a process called equating. Equating takes everyone's scores into account. As you saw above, the grading curve on language tests like Spanish is competitive. Some years, you might be able to get away with one or two wrong answers and still score an 800. Otherwise, you will likely lose about 10 points for every two questions you get wrong. As I mentioned above, the reading subscore counts twice as much as the listening subscore toward your composite scaled score. However, both subscores will be reported and viewable on your score report. If you are adequately prepared with AP Spanish, years of study, or out of the classroom fluency, then you are in a great position to score highly on the Spanish Subject Test and demonstrate your multilingual abilities to admissions committees. Even if you're confident in your fluency, it's always important to do some serious test prep and back up your understanding with the necessary grammatical knowledge and reading comprehension. Step 5: KnowWhen to Guess and When to Leave Answers Blank Too many random guesses could bring down your score, so you have to be smart on when to guess on a question(and risk a point deduction) and when to leave a question blank (with no change of getting it right). Here are some strategies to follow: If You Can't Eliminate Any Answer Choices If you're really stumped on a question and can't eliminate any of the options, don’t guess yet.Skip the question and for now and go back to it afteryou've finished the rest of the exam.What if you stillcan’t eliminate anyof the options?It may make sense to guess, but it also may not gain you any points. Here's an example: If you guess on four questions without eliminating any answer choices, odds are you'll get one question right and three wrong. This leaves you with a net of zero points on those questions (1 - (.3333 x 3)=0). However, total randomness is rare, and the test makers often design the wrong answer choices to seem correct so that you're more likely to choose them. This means the choices you decide on may not be random, and you may end up guessing incorrectly on more than three-quarters of the questions, leaving you with a net negative of points. This leaves you with a choice. You can either leave questions you can't eliminate any answer choices on blank, or you can do you best to make your answer choices completely random. One way to do this is to pick a letter (say "A") and select that answer choice for all the questions you're guessing on to make your choices as random as possible. If You Can EliminateOne or MoreAnswer Choices Once you can eliminate at least one answer choice, the math is much more in your favor to guess.Say you have six questions where you've been able to eliminate one answer choice for each. That leaves you with three answer choices per question. Odds are you'll guess correctly on two of the questions, and answer four incorrectly. That leaves you with a net positive of 2/3 a point (2 - (.333 x 4). It's not huge, but it's definitely better than nothing. Just remember to keep your guesses on the remaining answer choices as random as possible. Additional Note:If you take a practice test, I highly recommendmarking all the questions you guessedon so that you can later evaluate the success of your guessing strategies. This will also prevent you from just ignoring questions you got right by chance, whichyou should always revisitanyway. To Sum Up... The Spanish Subject Test has a competitive grading curve. You'll have to score in the high 700s to make it into a high percentile, so set high target scores and prep to achieve them. Make sure you're confident in your comprehension of Spanish, have studied it for at least the recommended amount of time, and have a strong grasp of grammar and vocabulary. If you have all these language skills, then the test should not be overly difficult for you. Instead, it will be a great opportunity to showcase your language skills to admissions committees and add a strong Subject Test score to your college applications.  ¡Buena suerte!  ¿Quà © ms? Need to brush up on your ser conjugations? We've got you covered with our chart of ser conjugations for every tense. Looking for a good SAT Spanish study notes? We've put together the best SAT Spanish Subject Test guide here. What are the easiest SAT Subject Tests to take? This article answers that question from a few different angles, including the content of the test and how competitive the grading curves for each one are. Are you applying to Ivy League schoolsor wondering if your test scores are good enough to get in? Check out this post on Subject Test Scores for the Ivy League and other selective colleges. When are you taking the SAT or ACT? Check out this study plan that helps you schedule your prep a year or more in advance of the tests. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Facebook as a New Media Home and Distance Assignment

Facebook as a New Media Home and Distance - Assignment Example The paper posits that in the virtual space, Facebook has overcome the friction of distance. In reality, however, the medium has increased the social distance between its users. My Facebook community is significant. First, there are members of family and relatives. While a significant number of them are present on Facebook, I still prefer to communicate with them through more formal channels such as phone and email. For this category of participants, the virtual distance remains large, although socially we are close. Then there is an entire array of â€Å"friends† from elementary and high schools, classmates in college, and friends and acquaintances from church. Then, of course, there are â€Å"friends† of these â€Å"friends†. I communicate with this category of â€Å"friends† a lot via Facebook. Thus, the virtual distance between us is very short(Chen 1212). However, for close friends with whom I have had a long history, I preserve more serious talk on the phone and face-to-face conversations. For a physical house, the boundaries are quite clear. In most cases, there is a fence that demarcates the boundaries of the house. Usually, a person will not walk into the house unless they are a member or have been invited. This order ensures privacy for the inhabitants of the house. For the media house that is Facebook, the boundaries of friendships are quite blurred (Chen 1214). In fact, it appears that there is no limit to the chain of friends one can â€Å"invite† or receive invitations from. This scenario virtually erodes privacy on Facebook. Often, I receive "friend requests" from total strangers. In all cases, my reaction is to turn them down. On my part, I only â€Å"invite† people I know personally and whom I believe would be pleased to receive the invitation. There is a hierarchy of my Facebook â€Å"friends†(Chen 1213). At the top of the pyramid are family and friends. So serious am I about this category of friends that I limit my Facebook communications to greetings.  Ã‚  

Security analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Security analysis - Essay Example fund managers from the United Kingdom have made efforts to invest in China since its economic growth rate is significantly higher compared to other countries in the world. It is imperative to note that investment fund managers are driven by the potential rate of return from a given region, and this is the motivating factor for choosing an investment destination. One of the advantages of investing in China is the magnitude presented in the potential of its market. Foreign ventures and businesses set up investments in order to serve a local market. The market size and growth rate opportunities are some of the key factors in the determination of an investment destination. Essentially, investors target unexploited markets that are of a significant size with potential for growth. Therefore, countries that have large markets and growth potential are viable investment destinations. The Chinese population of over one billion people offers a large market for any industrial products (Malkiel et al., 2010). In fact, the huge population has a great consumption potential that can be harnessed for business gain. In the recent past, the purchasing power of the Chinese population has also increased significantly, scaling up the uptake of goods and services. Therefore, the large population of the Chinese region attracts fund managers to invest in the region due to the potentially huge market that population offers. Imperatively, China is a prime location for any investor to pump financial resources into as the prospect of getting a market for the goods and services produced is high. The infrastructural development of a region has an influence on the economic growth of the place. The availability of roads, waterways and other forms of transport is a critical consideration in the evaluation of an investment destination. The Chinese administration has made significant investments in the transport infrastructure. In fact, popular investment destinations in China such as Beijing,

Ecological Systems Theory, Urie Brofenbrenner

Ecological Systems Theory, Urie Brofenbrenner The ecological systems theory of human development is proposed by Urie Brofenbrenner, a Russian American psychologist. In this theory, he stated that everything in a child and also the surrounding environment can affect the child development (Oswalt, 2008). He also developed this theory to comprehend the relationship between the child, the family, teachers, and the society (Growth and Development Theory, 2013). This ecological systems theory is divided into few different levels which are micro system, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem. The first level is micro system which is the small immediate environment that is directly connected to the child (Sincero, 2012). As an example, a child has the closest relationship with his parents and family which also can influence the childs development mentally or physically. The relationship between the child and the teachers, friends or also neighbours is also considered to be in the micro system. Next, mesosystem includes the interaction between two microsystems such as the relation between the childs home and the school (Growth and Development Theory, 2013). Exosystem is the level which includes other people and also places that may have no direct interaction with the child but still affects the childs development like his parents workplace, the neighbourhood or even the extended family members (Oswalt, 2008). Macrosystem is a larger level consists of the cultural contexts like ethnicity or other influences such as economic influences and cultural influences (Sincero, 2012). Every environmental event and transitions occur in an individuals life is included in the chronosystem (Sincero, 2012). The events such as marriage, divorce or others that can affect someones life are the examples of this system. 1.2 How does Urie Brofenbrenners ecological systems theory affect the child development? As I have already explained before about this ecological systems theory by Brofenbrenner in the previous page, this theory can actually affect the child development. According to Doll-Yogerst (2011), this model of the ecological systems recognizes that a childs development is affected by the settings and also affects the surrounding in which he spends his time every day. The relationship of the child and the microsystem can also give impact in both directions which is being called as bi-directional influences (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). For example, a childs parents may affect his behaviour or belief but he can also affect his parents behaviour or belief. Particularly, his family is the most essential setting because he spends his time mainly with the family and it has the most influence on him especially the emotion (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). This situation shows that a childs development is influenced the most by his family, if one of his parents is working as a doctor and he understands it a s doctors are good people since they help others, it may gives him the idea to be just like his parent in the future. There are also other important settings that may influence the childs development such as his extended family, teachers, peers, child care centre, school, and preschool or kindergarten (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). These settings are directly interacting with the child because he will encounter his teachers when he is at the school, or playing with his peers in the neighbourhood. The childs development is based on how he experiences while spending time in all these settings (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). It is can be seen in the situation where the child may have stumbled upon a bad experience while playing at the playground that will probably make him to avoid playing at the playground anymore or even good experiences he has that will affect his development. Other than that, a child involves in many microsystems (Bronfenbrenners Microsystems, n.d.). Each of the microsystem interacts with each other which also can be called as mesosystem. The number of quality interactions between settings also has important implications for a childs development (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). For instance, the parents and the teachers at school are both considered as microsystem from the childs point of view. These two microsystems will interact with each other in such situation like parents-teachers conference that usually being held in school. The child probably acts differently in school than at home since he is surrounded by his peers. If the child is having any difficulties or problems at school, the teacher will tell the problems to his parents so that they will acknowledge how their child is doing at school. This interaction between both parties is important that will reflect on the childs development. The other external environments that may have indirect connection with the child but still give huge impacts on him are included in the exosystem level (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). This exosystem level is when the settings that may be unknown to the child for example the parents workplace or colleagues will affect his growth. It can be exemplified in the situation when the parents coming back home with the stress that they get at their workplaces that will influence the childs thoughts (Doll-Yogerst, 2011). Besides that, the government, the economical factors, the mass media can also affect the childs development. For instance, the child is influenced by the animation series on television that leads him to follow what the characters are doing. The largest system in this theory is the macrosystem which consists of the most remote of people and things to a child nevertheless still has a great influence for the child (Oswalt, 2008). This includes cultural values, customs and laws (Ecological S ystems Theory, n.d.). As an example, the child has been raised by following the national laws that drugs are illegal or murder is a crime that will make him obey and acknowledge which is wrong and which is right. The events that happen during the transitions over a lifetime are called chronosytem, which means everything happens in a childs life while he is growing up that may changes his perception. 1.3 How does Urie Brofenbrenners ecological systems theory apply children in preschool and early primary levels. The ecological systems theory is somehow applied to the children in preschool and early primary levels. Horowitz-Degan claims that the childs behaviour can be analyzed by using the environmental influences, as well as the cognitive factors (as cited in Bronfenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). This situation can be seen in preschool or primary school, where the class acts as the microsystem that will give influences to the child. As an example, if a teacher walks into a classroom brightly, it will automatically sets up the mood of the classroom to be warm and friendly which will positively affect the childs cognitive sphere of influence then next encourage the process of learning (Van-Petegem, Creemers, Rossel, and Aelterman, 2005). For instance, a teacher teaches the students excitedly and happily in the classroom, the students will have more interest to listen to the teacher because they have been influenced by the positive vibes from their teacher. In addition, Van-Petegem defines that t he teachers behaviour can also affect the students and can be a model for the consideration of the feelings of others and the value of interactions (as cited in Bronfenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). This shows that this ecological systems theory gives effect on the childs social development in mircosystem which also can be increased through the encouragement given by the teacher. Furthermore, in the preschool centres or primary schools, there will be a playtime provided that will develop the motor skills development in the children (Brofenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). Activities such as creating craft, indoor arts like drawing, colouring or painting can also help in the growth of the students motor skills. While in the classroom, the students will be given the opportunity to speak up their opinions that may give influence to the other students who are listening to the opinions and it will help them in the intellectual development. This is because the students will start thinking about the opinions and try to relate to the knowledge that they already have. If there is an argument happen in the class, the students will try to convey their thoughts to the teacher that will also give a huge impact to them intellectually since they use their minds to counter the argument. Besides, the issues associated with the adults who are involved in the effect of the childs mic rosystem despite of the child have no direct connection to the exosystem (Brofenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). If the parents are having problems at the workplace, it will influence the child at home. Parents may be spend more time on solving their work issues that probably make the child feels that he is being ignored which affects his emotional development. The development of children will also be affected in the macrosystem even though it is the largest layer of ecological systems theory (Brofenbrenners Ecological, n.d.). In this level, the child is influenced by the cultural values that give impact on the social development. 1.4 Summary of Urie Brofenbrenners ecological systems theory. To sum up, the ecological systems theory by Urie Brofenbrenner does apply to child development including the children in preschool and early primary levels. This theory helps the children in intellectual development, emotional development and especially, the social development. Each of the levels in the ecological systems model, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem, interact with each other to help the childs development. As adults, we need to observe how the child is growing and we need to bear in mind that everything in a childs surrounding has the probability to influence their growth. Parents should be more concern about their childs microsystem in school and spare more time communication with them and not only focusing on work or career.