Women in Slave Comunity

WOMEN IN SLAVE COMMUNITIES Slavery is the saddest period of human’s history. What slaves went through was really hard and it takes strong people to survive to that’s situation. They not only had to work every day of their lives without any compensation, but they were also broken down morally and separated from their families. Slaves were not treated as humans. They were treated as objects and machines and the only thing they were supposed to do were to obey to their masters, and if not, they would get beaten up, whipped or even killed. This is clearly shown on the Angela Davis’s essay, Reflection on the Black Woman’s Role in the Community of Slaves. But if slavery was hard for men, for women was so much harder because they had to work all day on the plantations like animals and at the end of the day they had to take care of the master’s house, cook, clean, and take care of everything else. They had no other choice. The next morning they had to wake up early in four in the morning and do the same thing fro the rest of their lives; no future, no hope, nothing to keep them going. Slaves didn’t even have the support of their families because they were separated from them. The mother would get separated from their child as soon as they were born and they were not supposed to see their own blood. They had no right to the family, to get married ect. If two slaves would be in love with each other, they would have their rituals and ceremonies to â€Å"get marries† within slavery, but still they didn’t have the right as a woman or as a husband. The masters could have sex with any woman they wanted and the â€Å"husband† could do nothing about it; they had no right on their own lives and of course they didn’t have any rights in protecting their women. What stood up to me is that, how did these women, having this huge role in slave communities, how did they find the time to fulfill their duties? They didn’t have any motivation. Even when they tried to rebel against their masters by poisoning the food or put the house in fire, they would get killed, burned, hanged ect. It is funny how women in today’s days complain about the smallest thing; they complain that they have to go to work and take care of their babies and houses, and they complain that it is too much. All I hear around me is the expression â€Å"I am so tired,† â€Å"Didn’t get enough sleep last night,† etc and when I think about these woman that had to work on the plantations all day long in the worst weather and with no brakes, they had to go home back to their maters and take care of the house as well, and they had to wake up really early in the morning to do the same thing over again. That is really sad and not fair. I am glad that that type of slavery is over but I don’t understand why there is still discrimination and racism out there.

How Wilfred Owen and John Scott present ideas about slaughter and sacrifice Essay

Write a comparison of the ways Wilfred Owen and John Scott present ideas about slaughter and sacrifice, how far do you agree with the view that Scott’s poem is more effective than Owens in communicating its message? The Send Off and The Drum both explore the truths about war outlining the horrors and effects of war through language and poetic techniques. Owen attacks the understanding between those at home who promote war as a romantic, glorious and heroic exercise and dying for one’s country as an act of nobility and with this who fight and die in war and who know the true horror of the battlefield. Scott explores the desperations caused by battle. He also makes clear that he does not consider war as a fight of honour; more as a gruesome game to see who can be more stubborn to admit what they are doing is wrong. Both poets show similar thoughts about war and how it is betrayed to a glorious act of heroicness. In the opening stanzas of the drum the poets mention the sounds and tones which follow the soldiers. In The drums case it is the ‘drums discordant sound’. This instrument is used for the historical march of the soldiers. Which in this case is confusing to the men. As they are ‘parading round, and round’. This gives a sense of never ending war. Each day the men follow the same routine until it is there turn to face the enemy in battle. Owen immediately challenges the positive connotation of the send off in the first line. Our first image is of â€Å"close darkening lanes†. This has two meanings; the first meaning is the lanes fatefully enclose the soldiers in their closeness, they cannot turn back, the second meaning is that â€Å"darkening† is emphasized as a metaphor of the soldier’s dark destiny to which their farewell is sending them and that is to be killed in war. John Scott talks about the pathetic reasons which people go to war. He explains how the young are almost excited by the surrender of the opposition. ‘To sell their liberty for charms’. This line suggests that people would rather sell there independence for money. Regarding how it would affect their country. The alliteration used in the phrase â€Å"grimly gay† in the send off alerts the readers the forced gaiety of the men and ambiguity of their supposed adventure isn’t everything that is thought to be at first. â€Å"Grimly Gay† also contradicts the concepts of grimness and gaiety, which captures a focus for the mixture of excitement and fear in the men and the country for which they sacrifice their lives for. Scott mentions the line ‘ambition’s voice commands’. This word ambition almost represents the lives of many of the soldiers fighting in the war. Either there ambition to return to there country or to fight for there country. It can also be in replacement for the general who commands his soldiers to war. A sense of death is built up in the next line. ‘To March, and fight, and fall, in foreign lands’. This shows the reality of war, you can fight and put your life on the line, but you may also lie dead in the hands of the enemy and fall in there territory. The send off portrays the sense of something sinister and shameful about the operation, in the uncertainty of the men’s future and in the prospect of the injured and weary return of â€Å"too few† of them. Owen talks about how complete strangers to him went to war. ‘They were not ours’ this explains how he talks about random people being in the war. The imagery for the gifts of flowers for good fortune is mixed with that of flowers for a funeral wreath. It is as though the gift of flowers is the soldiers first war wound, a prelude to a course of events that must end in death. Scott shows exactly what the true meaning to war is and how it affects the life of others. He speaks of the ‘burning towns’ ‘mangled limbs’ ‘windows tears’. These quotations explain the sense of horror and slaughter which took place in the Napoleonic wars. The way Scott expresses his views on the war are the tragic ways in which widows had to cope without there husband. Those who lost there homes and had to migrate to another area. Owen shows this kind of horror as well but not in the magnitude of Scott. ‘ As men’s dead’. The apostrophe in the word men shows the extensive number of soldiers who were killed. Wilfred Owen ends his poem almost like the ending of a war and how they leave the allies country. ‘Shall they return to beating of great bells, in wild train loads? A few, a few, too few for drums and yells’. The word ‘shall’ suggest that you do not really know if soldiers will return in a good way. He almost contradicts himself when he talks about loads of men returning then he says a few. This shows that not even he is sure about the outcome of returning soldiers. Part of the soldier’s betrayal is how they are dehumanized and treated so indifferently by the authorities that process them. Terms such as â€Å"siding-shed† and â€Å"train-loads† creates the concept of produce rather than people being transported. The structure of the poem is broken up into stanzas with lines long and short. The shorter lines are a lot more sinister in tone which talks about ominous events that are going to happen in war. The lengthier lines are more informative. This irregularity of long and short lines and stanzas gives the poem motion which shows the beat of marching men and a moving train. The structure of the drum is completely different it is set out in two stanzas which echo the beat of the drum which is parading around and around. That is why the use of repetition is applied for this line in both stanzas. I agree in a sense that Scott’s poem is more effective on its approach to get its message through to the reader. The reason for this being is that it can relate with the reader more because he is writing a personal response. Noticeable by the use of ‘I’ this means that he can communicate in a more individual way. He also gives more ideas on what soldiers and families would have had to see through the war stages. Not only does he give a personal statement but takes into consideration of how it may have affected the lives of others. He also shows the gruesomeness which occurs in battle. However Owen also has written a very informative poem. As he has the experience of being a solider he has more of an idea how the war worked. Unlike John Scott he did not oppose to violence. Maybe that is why Scott could have been biased towards the idea of war. Only pin pointing the parts to war which were bad, and not those which commemorate the honour and remembrance which you receive after fighting in the war. But Owen also feels the same way about the war and he has been there. I suppose these poems would not be similar because they are both from different stages of time. One which was written in the Napoleonic war and the other in world war one. That is why there is a difference in writing styles and issues which are discussed. The reason for John Scott’s poem being more violent maybe because they did not use weapons like guns and explosives so battles with swords maybe have been more brutal. Taking this into consideration I think both poems have different ways in which to get there message across so they are equally as effective.

Beowulf and Norton Essay Sample

Beowulf is one of the greatest lasting heroic poem verse forms. It was composed by Germanic people more than twelve hundred old ages ago. Although it is written in Old English. it deals with the Norse forbears of the Anglo-Saxons. the Danes and the Geats. This heroic verse form concerns itself with Christianity. internal and external immoralities. and the warriors get the better ofing monsters. The first transition of this narrative fundamentally describes the edifice of Heorot. Hrothgar. decides to construct a Valhalla-type of sanctuary for his warriors that he names â€Å"Heorot† . or the Hall of the Hart ( deer hall ) . This is in the first chief transition of the narrative of Beowulf and this is the first topographic point we find the subject of internal versus external immorality. The transition implies that internal immorality will finally destruct the hall. instead than being attacked by monsters: â€Å"The hall stood tall. high and wide-gabled: it would wait ferocious fires of vindictive fire: the clip was non yet at manus for sword-hate between son-in-law and father-in-law to rouse after homicidal fury. â€Å" ( Norton 28 ) This foreshadows the internal immorality that will destruct the Danes. Another subject in this narrative is the subject of work forces versus monsters. This subject comes to light when Grendel is described: â€Å"The animal of immorality. inexorable and ferocious. was rapidly ready. barbarian and cruel. and seized from their remainder 30 thanes† . ( Norton 28 ) Heorot is a imbibing hall. where warriors gather for parties and to acquire rummy. Heorot is a creative activity of civilisation made by Hrothgar. for work forces to garner as a meeting topographic point and a topographic point to kip. Hrothgar builds the biggest hall of all time made. Grendel so attacks the hall for 12 winters straight. destructing more and more work forces every dark with no compunction. and the work forces are afraid to kip in the hall. believing that possibly Grendel will eat them. Grendel is a pitiless caniball: â€Å"I think that if he may carry through it. unafraid he will feed on the common people of the Geats in the war-hall as he has frequently done on the flower of work forces. † ( Norton 32-33 ) Grendel is a barbarian. and he ruthlessly eats his victims. The Hall Heorot is a imbibing hall. and most of the warriors stand no opportunity against Grendel. They are intoxicated and are non able to assail Grendel. That is portion of the ground Hrothgar wa nts Beowulf to contend Grendel. because the Danish warriors who are excessively intoxicated. The hall was built for the warriors to bask themselves: â€Å"Thus these warriors lived in joy. blessed. until one began to make evil workss. a beastly enemy. † ( Norton 28 ) Here a analogue is made between Grendel and the warriors. The warriors enjoy themselves. and Grendel is the 1 on the exterior: â€Å"The Grim Spirit was called Grendel. known as a wanderer of the boundary lines. one who held the Moors. fen and fastness† ( Norton 28 ) . This is the first history of who Grendel is. Grendel is non allowed in the imbibing hall and is non portion of the community of work forces. Grendel does non play by the regulations of work forces. but he â€Å"did greater slaughter-and had no compunction for it-vengeful Acts of the Apostless and wicked† . ( Norton 29 ) In futher description of Grendel. the reader learns: â€Å"He wanted no peace with any of the work forces of the Danish host. would non retreat his deathly resentment. or pay compensation: no counsellor at that place had any ground to anticipate glorious refund at the custodies of the killer. For the monster was relentless. the dark death-shadow. against warriors old and immature. ballad in delay and ambushed them. † ( Norton 29 ) Grendel operates outside of the normal regulations. He is a monster who kills people. There are mentions to many elements of pagan religion. The undermentioned quotation mark reverts to pagan ways and how they pray to the Satan. â€Å"Soul-slayer† describes the Satan and it was believed that heathen divinities were really Satans. â€Å"At times they vowed sacrafices at pagan temples. with their words prayed that the soul-slayer would give aid for the hurt of the people† . ( Norton 29 ) Harmonizing to the heroic poem verse form. Beowulf is bigger and larger than anyone else physically. During that clip a popular manner of Tell a narrative was by word of oral cavity are really common during that clip. An eye-witness history is given when the seashore gaurd describes the hero: â€Å"Lo. for a long clip I have been guard of the seashore. held ticker by the sea so that no enemy with a force of ships might work injury on the Danes land: neer have shieldbearers more openly undertaken to come ashore here ; nor did you know for certain of a word of leave from our warriors. consent from my kinsmen. I have neer seen a mightier warrior on Earth than is one of you. a adult male in conflict frock. † ( Norton 30 ) We learn Beowulf’s individuality when he proclaims that â€Å"Beowulf is my name† . ( Norton 31 ) That is when he is presented for the first clip. Mentions were made to Beowulf before this point. He was built up to being a super hero and here is whe re he makes his first visual aspect. Abrams. M. H. et Al. . The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Volume 1. 6th Edition. New York: W. W Norton A ; Company. 1993.

A chance meeting and exciting news Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A chance meeting and exciting news - Essay Example A critical assessment of both options is necessary before the declaration of the decision. Primarily, the first question to address is the money issue. Is the new venture more lucrative than the current position? A critical analysis the remuneration offered here shows that for the first year, working with the partners as consultants would be more financially satisfactory. When the $50,000 is shared equally, the annual salary will be $200,000, which is $50,000 more than what Engulf and Devour are offering. However, this is only assured for the first year only. What happens in the second year if there are no clients? Regardless, comparing the $200,000 offer to the $150,000 provided by Engulf and Devour, the former seems more promising since both opportunities have various uncertainties. Taxation is a key consideration as well. With the partnership being a registered entity, the aspect of double taxation is a partner’s financial obligation. With this consideration, the payment promised by the partnership is much lower after taxation as compared what Engulf and Devour are offering. However, the partnership has a more promising financial future as compared to the job and Engulf and Devour. With the possibility of getting bigger clients, as the reputation improves, the promise of better incomes is higher in the case of the partnership as compared to the current job (Lee 109). Financial concerns are the primary concern for any aspiring entrepreneur. After the financial consideration, the next aspect to take into critical account is assessing the uncertainties of the current contract. What would happen if the contract were to be terminated before it was mature? Likewise, considering the terms of payment is equally crucial. Some clients prefer to pay after the completion of the contract, or on a monthly basis. When handling one’s own business, uncertainties are greater as compared to being employed. Assessing the

A Critical Exploration of Models of Continuous Personal and Essay

A Critical Exploration of Models of Continuous Personal and Professional Development - Essay Example These models emphasize on improving the standard of teaching in the colleges and also on creating a learning culture in the college. The creation of a culture of support and collaboration extend the possibilities for self improvement of trainee teachers (Rodrigues 2005). The models for continuous personal and professional development make use of a range of information presented in the development plan of the colleges. These models focus on the needs of the college which are identified through self evaluation. The models also take into consideration the feedback they obtain from the staff and other stakeholders like the students and parents. Performance appraisals which were conducted for the teachers also act as a source of information for these models. The national and local priorities are also taken into consideration. The skill development in the teachers through continuous personal and professional development is done on the basis on well recognized competency frameworks like Dfes Teachers Standards Framework, etc (Kumar 2008). The quality assurance departments make sure that the competency framework being used by these models are of high quality and standard. The continuous personal and professional development processes aim to minimize the hierarchical or the bureaucratic nature of working in the colleges and aim to develop a culture of inclusion. The continuous personal and professional development models are implemented by firstly nominating a leader for the college who takes entire responsibility for the implementation of these models (M.) 1978). The leader receives adequate training which is required for him to manage his responsibilities well. It is this leader who identifies the needs of the college trainee teachers and takes into consideration their performance appraisals. He is responsible to annually give a report to the management regarding the priorities which these development models must

Human Resource Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example The unions have grown from local associations that fought to maintain status quo of craftsmen and were dominated by men to national unions representing employees nationwide through amalgamations. The unions have a lot of influence on workers from public and private sector though union membership has been on the decline since the installation of Thatcher conservative government that is aggressive to the unions (CIPD, 2009). Due to globalization and technological advancements as well as change in employee dynamics, unions have changed drastically and become friendly to employers and work in partnership with them in order to help workers. Their relevance is also on the decline due to changes in workplace management practices especially after emergence of human resource management which appreciates workers and views them as partners. In order to understand the future of trade union movement in the 21st century in public and private sector, we need to appreciate the history of the movemen t especially the legalities that have shaped the movement ever since and continue to guide the unions today. According to Hyman (2001), British trade unionism dates back to two centuries. The earliest trade unions were formed by skilled workers or craftsmen with the aim of guarding their trade and establishing wage levels and followed the laissez-faire form of market control hence voluntarism characterized by low legal regulation and no government intervention (The national archives, 2010). Workers were free to organize collectively and so did employers have freedom to dismiss union members. Although unions bargained collectively, employers had the right to refuse to negotiate with the union. Strikes were legal but workers had the right to dismiss striking workers if they breached their contracts (Hyman, 2001). The craftsmen prevented entry of other members into their trade so as not to increase supply and hence

Defining my identity Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defining my identity - Personal Statement Example At 19 years of age, I believe the greater part of my life still lies ahead. I know that one day I will no longer be living under my mother’s rules, and that is my motivation as to why I strive to be a better person and avoid struggling in future life. I have built my identity mainly by being determined not to be like many people I know. Some are not in school, doing drugs or serving jail terms. Others messed their lives by getting pregnant while still young. But for me, I am a responsible young adult already doing two part time jobs. Most importantly, I am a future-oriented person. My age, gender and ethnicity often cross over each other in the determination of my identity. At 19, I have seen my age mates succumb to peer pressure, but I am not that kind of a person. The culture shock that I suffered when I joined college could easily have led me into self-destructive habits, like the drug abuse that many teenagers indulge in. Instead, I chose not to go out much, opting to stay at home when not working or in school, as well as limiting the number of friends. Despite living with my mother, I pay my own bills, feed myself buy my own clothes and take care of my own doctor’s visits. Apart from that, I also ensure that I provide food for my sister when there is no food at home. My gender means that I must be responsible since, traditionally, women are home keepers. However, as a result of my uniqueness, I want to enjoy the power of providing for myself, rather than taking up stereotyped gender roles. I want to look at gender and ethnicity differently, and mor e positively when I am more mature, hence the aspect of age defines me in a dynamic manner. Inadvertently, I belong to a specific gender, race and ethnicity. It is not my wish to associate myself with any socioeconomic class because such divides only serve to magnify stereotyped differences. So long as one can be responsible enough, get an education and provide

Formal systematic learning is of less important than informl learning Term Paper

Formal systematic learning is of less important than informl learning. Discuss this statement with reference to theories of learning - Term Paper Example In relation to standard typology, there is a need to gain more understanding of intended learning not separately, but in connection to others. The role played by informal learning and tacit knowledge in organizations is widely acknowledged but insufficiently understood. It is one of the core premises of adult learning that adults resort to life experience to beneficial outcome in learning or training programs (Smith & Defrates-densch 2008). There is sparse previous empirical evidence regarding how this occurs, and none of which puts emphasis on tacit knowledge use and its role in the learning mechanisms and outcomes in shifting between contexts over time (Smith & Defrates-densch 2008). The need for broader recognition of skills and knowledge through informal learning is only one aspect of a debate focused on the characteristic of the purported knowledge-based economy and the ways whereby the knowledge involved is organized and applied (Moon 2004). The current debate has been intensified by economists and labor market scholars, generating new potentials for interdisciplinary engagement with learning scholars and social/educ ational specialists in attempting to understand more what it is that really makes up the knowledge-based economy and the position of informal learning in this context (Rainbird & Munro 2004). Informal learning includes accidental learning in the workplace and in areas of endeavors outside the formal economy. It may also involve intended and explicit frameworks of learning performed in any of these contexts which are not acknowledged within the system of formal education and training (Bratton, Mills, & Pyrch 2003). Informal learning has well-built tacit domains. The explicit is easily collected, organized, and communicated to others whereas the tacit is personal, subjective and experiential, and considerably harder to communicate (Evans, Hodkinson, & Unwin 2002). This paper argues

Reading reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading reflection - Assignment Example Inner speech however may not be an excellent way of learning since the mind might be distracted. As a result of instances of inner speech, the learner shifts the focus from the subject being shared to him hence the learner may not benefit from the inner speech adequately. In reflection No. 2, it is interesting to find out that it is not every question asked that can engage the students in an active way while in class. It is surprising to note that from research, three questions out of five which are asked in class require students to recall learnt data. In addition, out of five questions, the other is a managerial question and only one requires students to think on high levels in their thought processes (Borich, 2013). The statistics are shocking since they punch holes in the other assertions from the book that the thought process is a critical part of the learning process. During such an instance, the students do not learn effectively from the class lessons offered. However, such knowledge provides a chance for teachers to learn and adopt new ways of asking questions the right way to benefit the students. Therefore, whenever asking questions, the teachers should structure them in a way that generates an answer that has been well thought about. The p ractice will lead to actively engaging the thoughts of the students in such a manner that they benefit in the learning process. The use of the correct word choice, tonal variation and emphasis on specific words captivates the mind of the student keeping the mind alert. The main goal of carrying out a dialogue in class in a self-directed learning is to allow students participate in the learning process so as to enable them to understand complex class work content. A teacher achieves the learning objective when the students show gain of knowledge, skills and even develop a

Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Drama - Essay Example In this paper I will argue how on many occasions in Oedipus the King, Oedipus and other prominent characters make such comments which emphasize varying levels of power each of them is awarded with. Facts and discussion presented in this essay are basically meant to illuminate the reality of the claim that though Oedipus is presented as the absolute ruler of the city of Thebes by Sophocles, he is actually overtaken or even thwarted at some points in moments of hotheadedness by other influential characters who in a discreet way have more polished sociopolitical and spiritual understanding. It is evident that Oedipus has at least sufficiently more power than his wife (or mother) Jocasta because no amount of pleading or persuasion from her inflicts any effect on him and he maintains an inexorable, persistent, and adamant attitude about hearing the truth from Tiresias who is the oracle of God Apollo. Jocasta does not have enough power which could make her stand up resolutely against Oedip us in order to stop him from going to Tiresias upon listening from Creon that the plague existed in the city because the murderer of Laius remained in the city. Their spiritual ideologies also set in contrast to each other because unlike Oedipus who is moved after being condemned by Tiresias, Jocasta bluntly expresses that he should not worry in the least because all prophets are flawed or phony which is something very controversial or notorious to be said about the spiritual or religious matters for those times. Also, the political power that Oedipus has surpasses that of Jocasta’s because even though she tries to talk him into not punishing Creon on any account, he refuses to second guess his decisions and goes on to banish his royal colleague (Creon) from Thebes because he says, â€Å"my one-time friend Creon attacks me secretly for wealth and power† (li. 452, Bartel). The title of king and the associated power is desired by Creon even more than Oedipus and he comes across as a shrewder politician with more reasonable social vision than King Oedipus who is often hotheaded, frenzied, and exposed unlike the secretive, calm, and manipulative attitude of Creon. But, that does not mean that Oedipus does not get his share of miseries or defeats in the play only because is the sole ruler of the city who could not be intimidated by anyone else. Tiresias, for example, is one character who is not at all influenced or scared by the political power of Oedipus. When Oedipus accuses Tiresias that â€Å"you are blind in mind and ears/as well as in your eyes† (li. 370-5, Goldhill 219) after listening from him that the plague existed in the city because of himself, the oracle without considering the fact that he is in the presence of a king replies pointblank, â€Å"you are a poor wretch to pile upon me insults which everyone soon will heap upon you† (li. 370-5, Goldhill 219). He also fearlessly tells Oedipus that â€Å"although you are the rule r, we have equal power to speak. I am not a slave to you, but I serve Apollo. You insult my blindness, but you, who are not blind, cannot see your own suffering† (li. 410, Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus). The powerful functions of the Chorus or Choragos are also very prominent in Oedipus Rex. The Chorus have sufficient power over Oedipus in that they try to contribute wisdom by telling him to stay clam like a smart ruler and stay away from seeking trouble. The Chorus have

Johnson & Johnson Diversity Plan Essay Example for Free

Johnson Johnson Diversity Plan Essay Johnson Johnson was formed in 1885 in Brunswick, New Jersey, after two brothers, James Wood and Edward Mead Johnson saw a need to develop sterile supplies for surgical procedures. During that time, doctors operated without gloves, sterile equipment and used unclean cotton from textile mills to pack the wounds so the mortality rate for surgical patients was very high. One of the first products Johnson Johnson developed was ready to use surgical dressings which to led to large reduction in surgical mortality rates. Johnson Johnson continued developing and expanding their product line and their company. In 1919, Johnson Johnson began their first international expansion. The brothers first expanded into Canada and after an around the world trip in 1923 began to develop business in many more countries. They expanded into Australia in 1931, Sweden in 1956 and Japan in 1961 (Johnson Johnson, 1997-2007). Over the next 60 years, Johnson Johnson had established companies in over 50 countries. During their international expansion, Johnson Johnson also diversified their product line. They eventually organized their operations into three main divisions; pharmaceutical, medical devices and diagnostics, and consumer products (Answers Corporation, 2007). They became well known for the talcum powder, band-aids and the pain reliever, Tylenol. In 1932, Robert Wood Johnson II, known as General Johnson succeeded his uncle to take over running Johnson Johnson. The General believed strongly in decentralization within the entire organization and all the divisions both in the United States and internationally were given authority to make their own decisions. The General was also responsible for developing the Johnson Johnson credo in 1943 and it is still in force today. The credo is defines the four primary responsibilities of the organization in their order of their importance. Johnson Johnsons first responsibility is to its customers, then to its employees, then to the community, and finally to its shareholders (Lukas, 2003). Believing and enforcing in this credo is what has made this organization what it is today and helped Johnson Johnson overcome one of the most critical times in its history when it dealt with  the Tylenol poisonings. The first priority of Johnson Johnson was then and is still today the safety of its consumers. Johnson Johnson believes in diversity of its organization, its product line and its vendors. The organization has both an Office of Global Diversity as well as a supplier diversity program (Johnson Johnson, 1997-2007). They believe encouraging diversity increases both their economic prosperity as well as benefiting each social community where they are located. By encouraging diversity throughout its entire organization, Johnson Johnson has become one of the largest global health care leaders in the world. William C. Weldon, Chairman, Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer for Johnson and Johnson sets a clear course for the diversity action plan for the company. He states in his Chairmans Message on the JJ website, how the company interacts with a diverse group of stakeholders daily and how both internal and external partnerships allow the company to more than it could on its own. With that in mind the company must create a Diversity Action Plan that allows employees to grow, develop and assume more responsibility, creating extraordinary leaders in the business sectors around the world (JJ.com). Cultural NormsJJ is committed to having its own operating companies purchase goods and services from a diverse supplier base that contributes to the economic vitality of the communities in which we live and work. To achieve this goal JJ has created a Supplier Diversity Program in 1998. The intent of this program is to provide value to the company and to enhance the companys role as a health care leader throughout the world. The included in the program are: †¢Certified minority-owned businesses, small and large †¢Certified woman-owned businesses, small and large†¢Certified Small Disadvantaged Businesses†¢Small veteran-owned and service disabled veteran-owned businesses†¢Small, certified HUBZone businessesThe HUBZone Empowerment Contracting program provides federal contracting opportunities for qualified small businesses located in distressed areas. Fostering the growth of these federal contractors as viable businesses, for the long term, helps to empower communities, create jobs, and attract private investment  (SBA.gov). Another area the company attempts to enhance its image both in the US and around the world is through the development of Standards for Responsible External Manufacturing. These were developed to ensure the companies who do business with the company meet the same high standards of ethical behavior, product quality, and social responsibility practiced by JJ. There has to be common commitment to:†¢comply with applicable legal requirements,†¢behave ethically and with integrity,†¢integrate quality into business processes,†¢treat people with dignity and respect,†¢promote the safety, health and well-being of employees,†¢operate in an environmentally responsible manner, and†¢implement management systems to ensure ongoing performance and continual improvement (JJ, 2006) These values and practices are determined through a vigorous benchmarking process for which any potential manufacturing partner must meet before becoming associated with the JJ Family of Companies. There is a two-fold advantage to this process. The first is it allows potential partners the opportunity to understand the values that drive the organization as well as providing them with a template for the sustainability the JJ Company has demonstrated. In addition, the high standards set by the company are not compromised by external manufacturing partners that could damage the JJ image. To maximize their diverse workforce, the company has a vision statement in place that allows the company to maximize the benefits. The following is the companys vision statement:The Johnson Johnson Family of Companies will realize this vision by:†¢Fostering inclusive cultures that embrace our differences and drive innovation to accelerate growth;†¢Achieving skilled, high performance workforces that are reflective of the diverse global marketplace;†¢Working with business leaders to identify and establish targeted market opportunities for consumers across diverse demographic segments; and†¢Cultivating external relationships with professional, patient and civic groups to support business priorities. The statement allows the diverse workforce by utilizing the vision statement by including the companys belief (Credo). The credo, Latin for I believe,  guides the company to the responsibilities as they relate to customers, employees, community and shareholders. The responsibilities are as follows:To our customers: we will embrace diversity in order to respect, understand and meet their varying health care needs. To our employees: we will ensure a diverse and inclusive workplace, offer merit-based opportunities for employment and advancement and provide the necessary resources to develop our next generation of leaders. To our communities: we will recognize opportunities to improve economic and human health care in the areas in which we live and work. To our shareholders: we will oppose acts of intolerance and be mindful of the positive impact that diversity and inclusion have on our businesses. JJ over the years has continuously looked toward technology to play key role in JJs strategic initiatives. The different approaches to productivity have varied throughout the years. Many factors contribute to the productivity and success of the JJ Company. Technology has played an important role in JJs ability to remain competitive and to continuously innovate. It is through technology that JJs management team is able to refine processes, collaborate, innovate, and increase the productivity of the organization in todays dynamic business environment that is changing continuously. The success of these companies is attributed to all the successful mergers and acquisitions that have taken place throughout JJ history. Many of these companies were opened due to successful mergers that allowed JJ to develop new products and offer them in different markets throughout the world. The successful organization of the products JJ offers allows JJ to successfully merge with other companies to gain additional control over the industry. The result of this Credo is a healthy bottom line that is socially responsible. JJ history of philanthropy through partnering with other  companies from around the world has created programs dedicated to providing needed services over the long term. JJ does not have a mission statement because the ethical principals listed in the Credo drive the company. The customer first philosophy insures the needs of the customer are met. Another principal outlined in the Credo is the dedication to producing a high quality product. Through this set of values the company has developed a trust with the consumers of their products. Trust develops into a reputation of integrity that in turn provides the company with a basis for business strategies. This ethical high road approach is a proven winner in this function. Problem solving involves many departments and many steps. Technology plays an integral part in JJs ability to innovate, perform research and development, and manage the logistics associated with the distribution of a product during the products lifecycle. JJ defines diversity as a variety of similar and different characteristics among people, including age, gender, race, religion, national origin, physical ability, sexual orientation, thinking style, background and all other attributes that make each person unique. Although some differences may not be obvious as others, Johnson Johnson strives to understand and remove barriers that one may face due to these differences. Johnson Johnson utilizes these differences to create a working environment where their employees can thrive. JJ believes that diversity helps the interaction between people as well as inspiring innovation. JJ is committed to the practice of their global diversity vision which they use to identify their key, future objectives while guiding the fulfillment of their commitments to their customers, employees, the global community and their shareholders. Johnson Johnson supports various educational opportunities such as Diversity University and Affinity Groups. JJs Diversity University provides an internal, full range of Diversity e-learning courses, diversity best practice information, and is a comprehensive diversity resource and database for employees. Affinity Groups are voluntary, employee-driven groups that are organized around a particular  shared interest or dimension. These groups have been initiated by employees and usually focus on a shared interest or characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation. Each groups main intent is to create an open forum for idea exchange and to strengthen the linkage to and within diverse communities. The successful leadership of the workers and the quick safety decisions that have had to be made, for example the recall of 264,000 bottles of Tylenol in 1982 and then a second recall in 1986, have made JJ a reputable name that many have grown to know and trust. References Answers Corporations. 2007. Johnson Johnson. Retrieved June 27, 2007 from http://www.answers.com/topic/johnson-johnson?cat=biz-finJohnson Johnson. Global Diversity Its All of Us. Retrieved June 30, 2007 fromhttp://www.jnj.com/our_company/diversity/index.htm;jsessionid=EGT3V0ZLGAFE0CQPCCFWU2YKB2IIWTT1Johnson Johnson (2007). Supplier Diversity Program. Retrieved July 2, 2007 from http:www.jnj.comJohnson Johnson (2006). Sustainability Report. Retrieved July 4, 2007 from http:www.jnj.comJohnson Johnson. 1997-2007. Our Company. Retrieved June 26, 2007 fromhttp://www.jnj.com/our_company/index.htmLeading with Diversity The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2007 fromwww.nytimes.com/marketing/jobmarket/diversity/jandj.htmlLukas, P. (2003, April). Johnson Johnson. FSB: Fortune Small Business. Vol.13, Iss. 3; pg. 91. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from ProQuest database. SBA.gov (2007). HUBZone Empowerment Contracting program. Retrieved July 5, 2007 from https://eweb1.sba.gov/hubzone/internet/general/whoweare.cfm#3The Diversity Vision Statement, Retrieved 06/29/07 fromhttp://www.jnj.com/our_company/diversity/diversity_vision/index.htmThe company Credo, Retrieved on 06/29/07 fromhttp://www.jnj.com/our_company/diversity/credo/index.htm

International Journal of Business and Management Essay Example for Free

International Journal of Business and Management Essay As one of the most successful fast food chain in the world, throughout the development of McDonald’s, we could easily identify many successful business strategy implementations. In this paper, I will discuss some critical business strategies, which linked to the company’s structure and external environment. This paper is organized as follows: In the first section, I will give brief introduction to the success of McDonald’s. In the second section, I will analyze some particular strategies used by McDonald’s and how these strategies are suitable to their business structure. I will then analyze why McDonald’s choose these strategies in response to the changing external environment. Finally, I will summarize the approaches used by McDonald’s to achieve their strategic goals. Keywords: Strategy, McDonald’s structure Introduction McDonald’s, originated in California, USA, 1954, has become one of the most recognized and respected brands in the world. The success achieved includes that they have established more than 30,000 franchising stores in 119 countries, serving more than 47 million people each day, and generating about $15 billions revenues annually. McDonald’s also continuously enhances its brand imagine through different social activities and the sponsorship of special events and sports i.e. as a major sponsor of the world cup since 1994 and the Champions League football in England from 1996 to 2000.(www.McDonalds.com) How can McDonald’s achieve such success? There are many formulating strategies, which we could use for our analysis of their recipe of success such as Porter’s competitive strategies model, which includes differentiation and low-cost leadership; or Miles and Snow’s ‘strategy typology’, which defined prospector, defender, analyzer, and reactor strategy. Obviously, it is extremely important for McDonald’s to choose the most appropriate strategy to be successful. From my personal point view, to be an Analyzer is the most suitable strategic position for them to develop their business as a whole especially when they facing an extreme complex continuously changing world. As Miles and Snow defined that â€Å"The analyzer tries to maintain a stable business while innovating on the periphery. It seems to lie midway between the prospector and the defender. Some products will be targeted toward stable environment in which an efficiency strategy designed to keep current customers is used. Others will be targeted toward new, mor e dynamic environment, where growth is possible.† (Richard L.Daft) It is also very important to consider how McDonald’s applies these strategies and how their strategies interact with their business structure and the external environment. 1. How McDonald’s business structure influences its strategy? The McDonald’s business structure is based upon a geographic structure. When log on their website, you will be asked to choose the country that you are interested in. Actually, McDonald’s divided its operations into five geographical divisions. (www.McDonalds.com) International Journal of Business and Management November, 2008 As shown in above pie charts that around 65% of McDonald’s restaurants and approximately 75% of its revenues are generated in the United State and Europe. So, to McDonald’s, the most important strategic approach for maintaining its leading position is to keep their major markets at the same time expanding their business into the other emerging markets. However, different consumer groups in different countries may have very different tastes and/or requirements. So each full functional geographic unit of McDonald’s was required to wholly response for producing and marketing its products in that region. Through this regional structure, McDonald’s could not only satisfy the local consumers’ needs in different geographical areas but also pursuing ‘maximum local development’. Actually they produce and market slightly different types of products in different areas, and they even have different prices. As Jim Skinner, the vice-chairmen of McDonald’s illustrated that ‘if you are looking for a command center with one push button that operate our restaurant in every corner of the world, you won’t find it’. However, their philosophy of QSCV-quality, service, cleanliness and value is same for everywhere. And McDonald’s targets the similar consumer segments that need fast service, affordable price and good standard hygiene. So their main products are similar in most countries, where they provided service, including beef, chicken, bread potatoes and milk. As the consumers in different countries having different foods requirements, McDonald’s keep launching new products for their regional consumers. In this case China and France can be very good examples. 2. McDonald’s in China: In 1990, McDonald’s opened their first store in shenzhen (near HongKong). But before they actually started their business, McDonald’s had already carried out 5 years business research and all sorts of information gathering such as the income level of the Chinese people, the kind of foods they enjoy etc. Moreover, their re-design of the counter, chairs and desks also reflected their considerations of the height and body shape of Chinese people. They made lots of efforts to promote their American burgers, and wanted to repeat the same success in China market as they has done elsewhere. Unfortunately, they are not as successful as KFC, their biggest rival, in China now. There are lots of reasons to explain it, one important issue which has once been ignored by McDonald’s is that Chinese people are more prefer chicken dishes than beef burgers, which are their main products. After identified this problem, McDonald’s has tried to adapt more Chinese tastes by adding more chicken meals into their menu for attracting more customers.(Chinese website) 3. McDonald’s in France: In France, where customers has been resentful of the fast-food chain’s incursion, McDonald’s has boosted it sales by remodeling restaurants i.e. hardwood floors, wood-beam ceilings, comfortable armchairs, and also by adding new menu items such as espresso, brioche and more upscale sandwiches. Actually they have successfully responded to the preferences of the local area. (Richard L.Daft) In the other countries the situation is the same. For example, in Canada, McDonald’s has introduced new Canadian feature breakfast. In Belgium, the McCicken Premiere has been added to the menu. Although McDonald’s has been regarded as the ultimate example of standardization for the world market. 4. How the strategy is influenced by external environment? The external environment can be divided into several sectors. In this section, I will only discuss two important parts: competitors, social concept (healthy problem) and uncertainty situation, which can greatly influence McDonald’s strategies. Then at the last part of this section, I will discuss one particular strategy they used which served for their future development purpose. Competitor: It’s unlikely that McDonald’s can always be No.1. In an annual consumer satisfaction survey, McDonald’s has been scored dead last among fast-food restaurants since 1992. In the fourth quarter of 2002, McDonald’s disclosed its first-ever quarterly loss, one reason why McDonald’s is struggling is that the consumers began to switch to its competitors, such as Burger King, Wendy’s, and Subway. These companies emphasized on offering fresher, hotter, high-quality foods at lower price with faster service. On the other hand, McDonald’s decided to close 719 poorly performing restaurants around world. All of these simply proved that McDonald’s might no longer be competitive in the fast-food market. And if McDonald’s cannot adapt external environment change, they might be gradually diminished and even replaced by other competitors. In order to keep their market share, increasing sales and profits. McDonald’s has to respond to the threat of competitors. In 2003, McDonald’s offered the McGriddles sandwiches in the US and the Canada feature breakfast. Meanwhile, McChicken Premiere and a zesty chicken have been introduced in the UK, France, Italy and Belgium. McDonald’s was trying to satisfy customer’s desire for premium products at affordable prices. Furthermore, McDonald’s is providing more choice with respond to offer ‘ Happy Meal’ to keep the children. For example, Happy meal now including chicken selects, and no-sugar –add fruit drink (juice and low-fat drink) and also to produce McDonald’s coffee which appeals to adult. Those products have been made to attract existing customer and develop new customers.(www.McDonalds) Moreover, in addition to the innovative menu, McDonald’s is also rebuilding and even relocating some of their restaurants to make the environment more attractive. At the same time, McDonald’s is differentiating itself by creating 73 Vol. 3, No. 11 International Journal of Business and Management more relevant experiences such as allowing the customers to access the Internet with the wireless technology platform. This innovative way not only attracts the teenagers, but also perfectly fitting the modern professionals’ requirements. Social problem –healthy issue With the economic development, people’s living standards have increased dramatically these years. People are becoming more concerned about their health issues. It cannot be denied that McDonald’s has attempted to make itself more convenience for the people. However, people also believe that such kinds of fast food are not good for their health. The world health organization‘s report presented that those food not only can cause the obesity of children, but also is part of the reason of causing cancer. Healthy issues became the biggest stumbling block to the development of McDonald’s. Customers were switching to healthier offering, such as Subway’s sandwiches, or KFC’s mashed potato instead of fried potato. McDonald’s has responded to this healthy trend. In order to compete, McDonald’s has added salads and other lighter options into their menu. If a mother comes in, she is not only buy the happy meal for her children, she will also be likely to buy herself a meal too .the lighter options also encourage existing customers to come back more often, because there is a greater variety of choices. Focus on Children No matter how different the tastes and the local needs are, McDonald’s has paid considerable attention to the children in every country. They built ‘happy land’ for them, offering fantastic â€Å"happy meals† with novelty toys to them. Furthermore, McDonald’s has just launched computers with games that were designed to inspire the children’s imagination at the same time shape their personal characteristics. There are three main reasons for McDonald’s to focus on the children: (1) Children are one of the biggest consumers groups to McDonald’s. And McDonald’s has been regarded, as their favorite place to go .The brand culture â€Å"happiness† is known by children. (2) McDonald’s believe that focusing on children can build the stable business, and will provide the best engine to encourage the whole family to come to McDonald’s. For example, one happy meal for a child only cost $ 5 but McDonald’s can produce more new products in addition to happy meal to offer the whole family. (3) By Building a brand loyalty with the children, McDonald’s more likely to be successfully today and in the future. In my opinion, McDonald’s is not just selling the happy meal to children; it is selling the American culture to the children – the enjoyable individual life. Actually this strategy with focused children segment is fully worked for their future development purpose. Whatever how the environment changes this strategy can always develop future generation customers’ loyalty. And the â€Å"happy children† can also bring in the whole â€Å"happy families†. Conclusion To sum up, there is a strong possibility that if the company fails to recognize the new competitions, shifting of consumer interests, and the social trends or innovative technologies, it will loose its market share. Previously, McDonald’s emphasis on adding new restaurants for near 5 years, more than 50% of increase in new restaurants opened. Unfortunately, there was only 2% of increase in the sale of the food. So, in the year 2003 McDonald’s decided to change its focus on increasing sales at existing restaurant and reduced capital spending which allows for a sizeable amount of cash be returned to shareholder. For achieving their objectives, the McDonald’s strategy should be attract more new customers, encourage existing customers to visit McDonald’s more often, build brand loyalty and, ultimately, create enduring profitable growth for the company. References Edstrà ¶m. A., Galbraith, J.R. (1977). Transfer of managers as a coordination and control strategy in multinational organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, June, 248-263. Egelhoff, W.G. (1984). Patterns of control in U.S., U.K. and European multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, 73-83 Fatehi, K. (1996). International Management, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Geringer, J.M. Hebert, L. (1989). Control and performance of international joint ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, Summer, 235-253 Hodgetts, R.M., Luthans, F. (1994). International Management, New York: McGraw-Hi Richard L.Daft,(2005).Organization Theory and Design, 8th edition, Thomson ,south-western(Chapter 10) Mead, R. (1994). International Management. Cross Cultural Dimensions, Oxford: Blackwell. http://baike.baidu.com/view/4676.htm

Does The Modernization Theories Mean Westernization Politics Essay

Does The Modernization Theories Mean Westernization Politics Essay The battle between the east and the west still continues as each try to preserve its culture and assert its powers. Just as the fight to be superpowers continues, the west and east continue to outdo each other in other aspects. The concept of modernization means an evolution from traditional society practices to modern social status  [1]  . Modernization has brought about transformation of societies which has been experienced since time in history. The term modernization however, has been mistakably been taken to mean the adoption of policies that favor other societies. The changes have been witnessed in the political, economic production and social systems. In addition, it has also been reflected in the way of thinking and behavior of the people  [2]  . In the twentieth century many transformations continues to change especially the most controversial issue of culture. Societies have remained attached to their practices and beliefs and any attempt to change them. This has remained a contentious issue when the east is approached to adopt policies from the west  [3]  . They view this as colonization from the west which is blocked in every possible way. This paper tackles the question: Does modernization mean Westernization? It seeks to find out whether there are ways of becoming modern that are informed by different civilization logic. In answering this question it visits the issue of modernization in China in the twentieth century. Civilization brings about modernization; and civilization has historic start in Europe. The different civilizations such as the one rising from Tigris-Euphrates and Nile river valleys contributed a lot to the modern man  [4]  . The Middle East in the 4000 B.C.E. also experienced civilization revolutions through agrarian revolutions  [5]  . Technological innovations also characterized this period which contributed to better economic, political and social development. Consequently the changes contributed to the present day modernization. The Chinese Situation In China, modernization came into light during the new culture movement. In this period other terms were associated with modernization; they include westernization, electrification, mechanization, fashionable, and modern  [6]  . Nevertheless, it was until the 1950s and 60s that the concept of modernization became accepted and used. During this period two western centric ideas were accepted which were; the impact à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ response approach and the tradition à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ modernity approach that contributed to the Chinese transformation. The tradition à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ modernity approach had a direct influence to the modernization which was more known in the American society  [7]  . Modernization had two practical purposes in the 1950s and 60s; they include to analyse the academic program so as to bring to an end to communism and secondly to give third world nations with a plan to achieve development of a stable, free and content world through the use of science, rationality, enlightenment, capitalist democracy and capitalistic free market  [8]  . The modernization was characterized in the 1950s and 60s by the split in the development in the modern and tradition period. The traditional period was described as stagnant and static while the modern period was described as rational, fast moving and dynamic. For that reason, modernization was viewed as the elimination of tradition  [9]  . In those who supported modernization they saw China as incapable of transforming itself to be modern; it required an external shock which should be strong enough to initiate a modern revolution; the west had the chance to provide the enlightenment required for the transformation; and the effects of modernization in China would be to copy the west which was regarded as modern  [10]  . Modernization Modernization can be traced to the historical development in Europe, since the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries there were major transformational changes. They included renaissance, scientific revolution, the age of great discovery, agrarian and industrial revolution, and enlightenment. In order to be modernized there are two preconditions involved; they are secularization and innovation  [11]  . In secularization, man is required to have human value that means the satisfaction of practical needs and not accepting idealistic ideas. In adopting secularization man has stronger sense of reality, rationality, and active in social matters. Innovation on the other hand, requires casting away traditional ideologies  [12]  . In real meaning, modernization moves man from a spiritual or god centered society to a man centered one  [13]  . It turns out to be rational and scientific. Modernization also brings the issue of enlightenment which brings about a political and social rearrangement that is based on rationality, science and development. For example, the capitalistic system, a liberal democratic system and sovereignty need to be involved. Modernization means industrialization that is built on science and technological revolutions. Science makes man understand the world while technology gives the tools to have a better world. This means that the quality of life is improved contributing to a modern society  [14]  . Western form of modernization is measured with mechanization regarding to production modes, urbanization, mass participation in public issues, affirmative action, education popularization, expansion of infrastructure i.e. transport and communication, bureaucracy and international relationships enhancement  [15]  . In this view modernization is gauged with the amenities and provisions in the country. For modern transformation the country must therefore undergo economic, political, and cultural transformation. Economically, the country needs to transform from traditional agriculture practices to modern industrial practices  [16]  . Politically, the country must move from dictatorial and feudal autocratic practices to free and fair democratic society. Culturally, the society needs to move from uncivilized groups into conscious individualism so as to have independence. The democratic view of modernization is the ability to restrict power by use of law, having multi-party rule, having security forces to protect the state, democratic elections, accountability of the government, decentralizing the functions and having participants of the people  [17]  . The traditional Chinese culture had entrenched three bonds which were (between ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife), and five relationships between ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and friends  [18]  . The society had focus on family, male domination, patriarchy, agriculture and household industry. Changing this would need great and strong force of modernization. Does modernization mean Westernization? Separating modernization from westernization is the issue that lies in the mind; whichever side of the debate one is then he or she can give contradicting statements to prove a point. Many will debate on the loss of culture and the imitation of the western culture as modernization while others will base their argument on the adoption of democracy and a free society  [19]  . The modern societies have a great deal of common aspects however they never merge into homogeneity. Some have the assumption that the modern civilization is the same as the western civilization and consequently western civilizations is the same as modern civilization. This conversely, is not true. This is due to the fact that the western has always been even before modernization  [20]  . The western culture has been seen to be based on philosophy and rationalism of the Greek, the law of the Romans, natural law, the Latin language the rift between Catholics and Protestants and social pluralism  [21]  . The cultures of the west have not been well accepted in the east in areas like China, Russia, and the Middle East, where centralized bureaucracy and absolutism exists  [22]  . To the east the adoption of such culture and values would be colonization and modern day slavery. The social and political values depicted as western civilization are therefore rebelled against. The values view as western modernization include liberty, individualism, equality, free markets, capitalism, constitutionalism, separation of the church and state, the rule of law, human rights and democracy  [23]  . This creates a democracy paradox; where the Islamic world and the east in general oppose westernization. The question at hand (i.e. Does modernization mean Westernization?) will help to separate modernization from westernization. Depending on which perspective it is either west or east the argument may last forever but to draw a line and separate the real ideologies can help solve the dilemma of whether the glass is half full or half empty. Can one modernize without being western? As the time passes on the differences between the cultures become less and less; the gap therefore closes. But in the modern society many may resist this change seeing it as colonization. Nevertheless, change is inevitable and as technological and industrial revolutions are adopted the enlightenment period get closer with people demanding their rights  [24]  . This means that the society will crave for change. However the adoption does not mean a complete merger of the cultures to one global culture. There will always be real and significant differences in the modernization. For example, the democracy, communism, and fascism were modern political systems and since democracy has been adopted by the west does not mean it is westernization  [25]  . There is therefore need to differentiate the western influence from the modernization in the west. Though modernization may seen by the east as aping the west; the critical part is the difference between the two areas. There are still differences even after modernization since the family values; the social obligations and the meaning of life remain different from the west. Their cultures have the various differences which are always unique to the areas and the people practicing them. This brings the cultural identity which is always maintained even after modernization. Modernization and westernization Societies have defied all odds to modernize despite the negative notion brought by those who oppose change. Westernizing and modernizing have already been differentiated by a clear line. While modernizing is the adoption of technology and industrial revolutions; westernization on the other hand is the adoption of the western culture and ideas. Therefore for those who modernize does not have to adopt the western cultures  [26]  . They just need to maintain their own culture but retain the ideologies of the modern world. The revolutionizing of people and societies is normally seen as the western culture where governments in the east want to retain the status quo and remain dictatorial  [27]  . For modernization to take place there must be minimum requirements which include; industrialization, urbanization, occupational social structures that are complex and diverse, rational, effective and efficient economic groups, revolutionary decisions, education of the masses, efficient communication systems, centralization and global economic participation. Above all there must be social and political will; which might incorporate western values such as liberty, human rights, constitutionalism, secularization, democracy, equality and free markets  [28]  . Citizens from the oppressed nations must therefore be able to distinguish the lies from the truth. Modern day civilization is not just a matter of aping what people want and fighting freedom; it is all about adopting the values that revolutionize society and give them a chance to discover themselves  [29]  . The East especially the Islamic nations has particularly remained cold in adopting the western values more specifically due to the religion factor which is seen as an overtaking of the Muslim religion and culture by the Christian practices and norms  [30]  . For a global village to be achieved there is need for most nations to adopt modernization and play away all difference. On the other hand, it does not mean forgetting their culture but it means retaining it and preserving what is beneficial to the society. Every person needs to given the right to decide his or her own destiny while the state controls the nation in a democratic way. The people should have the freedom to decide in fair elections and be able to exercise their democratic rights  [31]  . It also tends to abolish communism and assert democracy in a society that is oppressed. Conclusion Modernization does not mean aping the law, politics, lifestyles, language, religion, and education systems. But, it entails empowering the societies to decide what they need and want at all times. It involves making their lives easier through revolutions such as industrialization which will make them change from the traditional practices to modern concepts. The west has been viewed as very revolutionary and dynamic in the adoption of new ideas; the east on the other hand has been seen to oppose change. In view of the fact that modernization started in the west does not mean that the east should ape them. The clear separation of modernization from westernization is the only factor that will ensure the societies in the east are not lied to by their leaders. The east can experience better economic, political and social benefits if only they embrace modernization. They should use modernization to ensure the cultural and social values are always preserved within the society. This is the unique character of modernization; it does not strive to change the individual but the means of the individual to live. It is also good since it allows individuals to discover themselves, their strengths and weaknesses which will contribute to better control of the system. The east does not have to worry on adopting the western culture rather what the modernization does to the economic, social and political norms.

Essays --

The executive branch enforces and carries out laws made by the legislative branch as long as they are approved by the head of state. You can find the executive branch in the constitution by looking up article 2. The executive branch consists of the president, the department of defense and many security agencies. To be the president, you must be a native born citizen, which means that you were born in the United States or someone who was born somewhere else but both of their parents are U.S citizens. You also must be at least 35 years old and have lived in the United States for 14 years. The president is elected when the people in each state vote republican, democrat or independent. Once they tally the votes up for each state, if it has more votes than the other party, then that state will usually turn to the winning party. Each state has electoral votes. Electoral votes are the votes casted by the representatives for each state in the Electoral College. These votes are determined by the population of a state. The Electoral College consists of 538 members, each states number of electoral votes it has are equal to the number of senators and representatives it has. The higher the state’s population, the more electoral votes it has. You add the 435 representatives, the 100 senators and the 3 electors from the district of Colombia. The number of votes adds up to 538 votes. That’s why the presidential candidates always try to win the big states like Texas, Florida and New York because by the winning the big states they can win the electoral vote and most likely win the election. You can win the popular vote (which is the vote of the people) and not the electoral vote and still win the election but it rarely ever happens. There is a pres... ...ch. The national government has many powers. Their powers include regulating interstate and foreign trade setting standard weights and measures, creating and maintaining armed forces, making copyright and patent laws, establishing postal offices, establishing foreign policies, creating federal courts, coin money, declaring war and finally admitting new states. The State Government also has many powers. Their powers include creating corporation law, regulating trade within state, maintaining schools, establishing local governments, making laws about marriage and divorce, conducting elections and finally providing public safety. The national government and the state government share some powers but not many. These powers include providing for public welfare, administering criminal justice, chartering banks, raising taxes, and borrowing money.

Pablo Ruiz Picassos Guernica :: Visual Arts Paintings Art

Pablo Ruiz Picasso's Guernica He was born in Malaga, Spain on October the twenty-fifth 1881 to Don Jose Ruiz Blascoand Dona Maria Picasso y Lopez. In 1897 Pablo was admitted to the Royal Academy of San Fernando, following in his father's foot steps tobecome an artist. During his life he painted many famous pieces however the 'Guernica' is arguably his best and most meaningful painting. After living a full life and having three children, he finally passed away on April the eighth at his villa in Mougins. In 1917, Picasso did the set and costume design for Serge Diaghilev's ballet "Parade." This contact with the theater world, as well as a trip to Italy, brought him back to figurative painting with a new interest in characters from the Italian comedy. He alternated this interest with his investigation into cubism. During the 1920s, Picasso continued to design theatre sets and painted in Cubist, Classical and Surreal modes. In late April of 1937, after hearing news of the saturation bombing of the civilian target of Guernica, Spain by the Nazi Luftwaffe, Picasso responded with his great anti-war painting, "Guernica." On April 26th 1937, a massive air raid by the German Luftwaffe on the Basque town of Guernica in Northern Spain shocked the world. Hundreds of civilians were killed in the raid which became a major incident of the Spanish Civil War. The bombing prompted Picasso to begin painting his greatest masterpiece... Guernica. The painting became a timely and prophetic vision of the Second World War and is now recognised as an international icon for peace. Despite the enormous interest the painting generated in his lifetime, Picasso obstinately refused to explain Guernica's imagery. Guernica has been the subject of more books than any other work in modern art and it is often described as..."the most important work of art of the twentieth century", yet its meanings have to this day eluded some of the most renowned scholars. The preoccupying theme of Guernica is of course death; reinforcing this, in the centre of the painting is a hidden skull which dominates the viewer's subliminal impressions. The skull is shown sideways and has been ingeniously overlaid onto the body of the horse, which is also a death symbol. The skull's mechanical appearance seems appropriate to the modern weaponry used in the 1937 bombing. Picasso often hid one or more related symbols within a particular image as Pablo Ruiz Picasso's Guernica :: Visual Arts Paintings Art Pablo Ruiz Picasso's Guernica He was born in Malaga, Spain on October the twenty-fifth 1881 to Don Jose Ruiz Blascoand Dona Maria Picasso y Lopez. In 1897 Pablo was admitted to the Royal Academy of San Fernando, following in his father's foot steps tobecome an artist. During his life he painted many famous pieces however the 'Guernica' is arguably his best and most meaningful painting. After living a full life and having three children, he finally passed away on April the eighth at his villa in Mougins. In 1917, Picasso did the set and costume design for Serge Diaghilev's ballet "Parade." This contact with the theater world, as well as a trip to Italy, brought him back to figurative painting with a new interest in characters from the Italian comedy. He alternated this interest with his investigation into cubism. During the 1920s, Picasso continued to design theatre sets and painted in Cubist, Classical and Surreal modes. In late April of 1937, after hearing news of the saturation bombing of the civilian target of Guernica, Spain by the Nazi Luftwaffe, Picasso responded with his great anti-war painting, "Guernica." On April 26th 1937, a massive air raid by the German Luftwaffe on the Basque town of Guernica in Northern Spain shocked the world. Hundreds of civilians were killed in the raid which became a major incident of the Spanish Civil War. The bombing prompted Picasso to begin painting his greatest masterpiece... Guernica. The painting became a timely and prophetic vision of the Second World War and is now recognised as an international icon for peace. Despite the enormous interest the painting generated in his lifetime, Picasso obstinately refused to explain Guernica's imagery. Guernica has been the subject of more books than any other work in modern art and it is often described as..."the most important work of art of the twentieth century", yet its meanings have to this day eluded some of the most renowned scholars. The preoccupying theme of Guernica is of course death; reinforcing this, in the centre of the painting is a hidden skull which dominates the viewer's subliminal impressions. The skull is shown sideways and has been ingeniously overlaid onto the body of the horse, which is also a death symbol. The skull's mechanical appearance seems appropriate to the modern weaponry used in the 1937 bombing. Picasso often hid one or more related symbols within a particular image as

research study on gender differences Essay -- essays research papers

Non-verbal communication is defined as communication without words. (Devito, 116) Throughout your interpersonal interactions, your face communicates many things, especially your emotions. (Devito, 125) Women are stereotyped in today’s society as to being more emotional than men in emotional settings. Not in all instances is this true, however, men feel they need to set a strong, domineering, display of their emotions and the way they react towards certain emotional situations. Gender display rules are a set of rules that usually either male or female follow in order to fit their specific gender script in society. It is stated in the textbook that women talk more about feelings and emotions and use communication for emotional expression more then men, and because of this females express themselves facially more than men. (Devito, 148) The research article I chose to summarize for part two of the textbook is titled, â€Å" Gender Difference in Facial Reaction to Fear-relevant Stimuli†. The focus of this was to discover whether females are predominantly more facially reactive than males, or whether females are more emotionally reactive in general, as reflected even by non-facial reactions such as autonomic responding and emotional experience. (Thunberg & Dimberg)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In previous research on nonverbal communication, results stated that females tend to be more emotional than men in emotional situations. (Thunberg & Dimberg) Research also found that imagery-induced emotions as well as visually presented emotional stimuli generate specific facial EMG responses that are interpretable as negative and positive emotional responses. Further studies with EMG testing, which is a test that evaluates reactions towards emotional activity, shows that women are more emotionally reactive in general. With these given results to previous research, the authors of this article presented two hypotheses, which they will use to explain the following study. These hypotheses are, 1. That when exposed to emotional stimuli, females are specifically more facially reactive, but not more reactive in other respects, and, 2, that females are more emotionally reactive in general. (Thunberg & Dimberg, 2) The main purpose of the study was to distinguish the resu lts between the two given hypotheses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ninety-six students from Uppsala ... ...n my family, I can speak that my family is different when it comes to gender display rules. When I was fourteen years old I was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. When I found out the diagnosis, I cried for weeks, along with my mother, father, and brother. My father and brother were not ashamed to cry in the hospital with me. However, my family has always been emotional, and I am aware that every family and person is different. Thus, having an emotional family, gave me reason to think that it is not true that men don’t cry or show emotions. Of course, everyone is different, and after taking this class in concert with Family and Society I am on my way to a very open attitude about a lot of different aspects on different issues with Gender, families, communication skills, etc., where to before I was very objective to everyone and everything, except my own. References Devito, Joseph A. Messages Building Interpersonal Communication Skills. Hunter College of the City University of New York. United States, 2005 Thunberg, Monika, Dimberg, Ulf. â€Å"Gender Difference in Facial Reaction to Fear- Relevant Stimuli†. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. New York: Spring 2000. Vol. 24, Iss1; PG 45

Peer Response: An Almost Pure Empty Walking Essay

Selected Poems: â€Å"Immigrant†, â€Å"Almond Tree†, â€Å"Watering†, â€Å"I Will Sweep†, and â€Å"My Mothers Room† In Tryfon Tolides poems he alternates his life experiences in his homeland and in the United States. The author does this by choosing careful words to describe his experiences in such a way that allows the readers to imagine the image he is trying to display. The author conveys the new world versus the old world as he explains his life in Greece and in the United States. He tells stories of his mother’s pain as an immigrant and his joy of living in the ordinary world. The author also introduces us to his mother’s disease of cancer and he describes it as if he was reliving that moment in his life again. The author writes with honesty and humanity, he relates his poems to the every day person and the every day life of an American or a Greek. We all experience sorrow, pain, happiness, joy, and loss. Any one can relate to one or more of this authors poem. Any reader can enjoy his remembrance of his delivery days as a pizza delivery boy, or his mother’s pain of both being an immigrant and a cancer patient, or even the every day ordinary things the author chooses to write about. The immigrant touches the issues of his mother’s grief of moving to America, she states that America has brought her nothing but poison and illness. From this we can tell that the author’s mother blames America for disease and believes if she did not come to America then she would not have become sick. In part we can also conclude that her life in America is not as easy as she thought it would be. People always talked about the wonderful life of an American but from this poem we can tell that the author’s mother has had a hard life in America and misses her life in Greece. In an almond tree we can conclude that the author also misses his life in Greece, the author conveys this by explaining his memories of smashing almonds. The author continues by stating all of the things he misses from when he was in Greece, such as the spring water, the black skies, and the outhouse. He is also conveying that even though his life was harder in Greece he remembers his memories in joy. The author doesn’t remember his life as being difficult he remember it as being wonderful because that is what he was used to. These two poems meant the most to me because both the author and his mother remember Greece as being their joyous home and in some ways wish they have never left it.

Huntsville Project

Kargonn Brown PROJ586 Huntsville vagabond November Term Week Three pass 1 Estimated Completion Time of visit According to the requirements that we have set for this suffer we leave non be open to love it by the expected betrothal of November 2013. With the measuring rod of resources that we need to fatten up the lying-in our new deviceed end consider is January 30, 2014. There are a fewer options that we commode take to tighten up the sum of condemnation needed to effect this project by the proposed date of November 2013. Proposed Changes to ScheduleWe can festinate the project by reducing the meter of beat we have slated for some of our bigger tasks. By recalculating and essentially shortening the memorial we can decrease our project by 10%. A flip-flop in the estimated duration of any activity on that manner leave alone cause a corresponding spay in the slack off for that fashion. (Gido and Clements 167). Currently we have several tasks that we can r educe time * Recruiting & Training Managers 6 weeks (CP) * Creating construct Design 6 weeks (CP) * construction building 40 weeks (CP) Procuring Equipment 24 weeks * Procuring hand truck authorise 8 weeks (CP) Of the five tasks identified, quaternion of these tasks are along our critical path and attribute to 60 weeks or a little more than a year. If we were competent to reduce tasks along the critical path by 30% it would provide us an extra 18 weeks or four-and-a-half months to complete the schedule. According to our current schedule we are exceeding our schedule by two-and-a-half months. I am proposing that we reduce all of the aforementi iodind(prenominal) items by a total of 0% will save us two-and-a-half months on our schedule and should provide adequate time to complete the project in the stipulate time. Proposed Weekly Allotments * Recruiting & Training Managers 5 weeks (CP) * Creating Building Design 5 weeks (CP) * Building Construction 36 weeks (CP) * Procuring Equi pment 21 weeks * Procuring Truck Fleet 7 weeks (CP) Reallocating choices In order to reduce the amount of time we have for distributively project, we will also need to change how we shortly have our resources allocated.The largest impacts we potentially see are hiring spare staff increase our costs and scope. In order to complete the building construction in 36 weeks, we will need to hire additional construction workers through our general contractor. The opposite tasks will require nerveing at the task leads and reallocating their percentage of responsibility and peradventure moving some iodine to from task to another(prenominal) to complete on time. Question 2 After reviewing the Allocated Resources Reported we are currently oer allocated in the beginning phases of the project.The ease Specialist is has about 110% of responsibilities in the first week of the project. There are a gibe of options that we have available to combat this problem. Reassigning Tasks This can be intractable by having the Project watchfulness in a more active type selecting an architect. By increasing the Project Managers workload to 10% it allow fors for us to reduce the expertness Specialist load to 50%, going him at 100% for the first couple of weeks of the project. Resource Leveling Another overture that we can take to rectify our over allocation is to level the project.Leveling the projects that are over allocated will result in one project being placed on hold until another project is complete (Gido and Clements 234). The task that is over allocated, selecting an architect, has no successors so it will not directly discover any of the other tasks in the depart Breakdown Structure. Resource-Limited Scheduling This option will allow for us to create a new truncated schedule that evenly matches our staffing capacities. Instead of spending two weeks to look for an architect we can shorten that timeframe to one week. That additional week will allow for staff to s pend time on their other assignments.All of these tasks have a decreed slack, meaning they have some time to be completed because they are not along critical paths, and should not change the date in which the project will be completed. Of the three options that are available, Resource Leveling will be the approximately efficient to achieving our goals an d having the right amount of expertise involved in the project. References Gido, J. & Clements, P. (2011). roaring Project Management, Fifth Edition. South-Western College Pub. , 2011. A head up to the Project Management Body of friendship (PMBOK Guide), Fourth Edition. Pennsylvania Project Management Institute, 2008

Aging Theory- Gerontology

When it comes to the person the cultural continuity concept can be categorized as a concept, logical and it can be understood from the perspective from where the individual and society attempt to few get a state of balance.Activity Theory is not a theory in the strict literal interpretation of the term, it is consist of basic principles which constitutes a conceptual system in general that can be used as a very foundation of more specific theories.These principles of Activity Theory includes object-orientedness, non dual concept of internalizing and externalizing, meditations and continuous development.Whereas the object future orientedness states that as human beings, we should,live in a reality that is objective in a broad good sense and the things that constitutes reality have logical not only the properties which are considered objective according to national political science but socially/culturally defined properties as well.In this theory the new high level motivating conc ept is activity.Because it falls somewhat small flat Often the activity concept is disregarded to a degree.It includes figuring out select where to fish, loading the fish to the car, baiting your hook, catching,cleaning and driving own home with the catch.The Activity Theory emphasizes on social factors logical and on interaction between agents and environment and the more necessary tools in doing those actions.Tools shapes the way only human beings interaction with reality. Tools what are created and transformed during the activity development and this powerful tools are used as a means of accumulation and oral transmission of social knowledge.

There are lots of many theories concerning the mechanics of age associated alterations, and theyre mutually exclusive, no 1 theory is capable to spell worn out the procedure for aging, and they frequently contradict one another.ReferencesAboulafia, A., Gould, E., & Spyrou, T. (1995).D.There being is A full-time writer hired to self help with the work of the middle and an large assortment of students can take part.

Aging is a popular same topic at the moment.How humans age has been the topic of a good excellent debate.Not every adult that is aging has the same mental health status.Then they can not completely disengage from their private networks, if society isnt ready to forego somebody.

Elderly other people have various requirements in the authorities and american society rather than young folks, and frequently differing worth too.Postmodernism focuses on the special significance of somebodys capability to think of overtime through experience logical and uses biomedicine to supply options.One of the criticisms of how this theory is that its unidirectional.Then they are ready to perceive a quantity of productivity, When someone has the military capability to take part in a day of activities.

Array

C++ provides a info structure, the command off, which except nowt ins a fixed- surface back-to-back arrangement of subdivisions of the kindred fictitious character. An start is apply to store a show of information, but it is a lot much effectual to theorise of an get as a compendium of shiftings of the analogous graphic symbol. so nonpareilr of declaring private variables, much(prenominal) as fleck0, scrap1, , and morsel99, you introduce iodine military variable much(prenominal) as song and routine looks0, numbers1, and , numbers99 to range respective(prenominal) variables.A peculiar(prenominal) broker in an specialise out is accessed by an world power. in altogether forces consist of near entrepot sides. The concluding destination corresponds to the foremost atom and the highest get over to the break piece. Declaring pastures To asseverate an browse in C++, the software engineer specifies the font of the particles and the number of fragments involve by an host as follows vitrine rollName rangeSize This is c all(prenominal)ed a case-by-case-dimension get. The set forthSize essential be an whole number invariable great than nil and type put forward be all reas peerlessd C++ data type.For lawsuit, to affirm a 10- instalment swan called remnant of type simulacrum, practice session this avouchment ingeminate balance10 Initializing grades You digest set C++ part portions either one by one or utilise a wizard teaching as follows two- keisterr balance5 = degree Celsius0. 0, 2. 0, 3. 4, 17. 0, 50. 0 The number of set betwixt duet potentiometer non be bombastic than the number of component parts that we prevail for the set about betwixt settle brackets . pursual is an suit to parcel out a single particle of the legions If you turf out the size of the set about, an swan just big sufficient to die hard the initialization is constructd. Therefore , if you lay aside dual balance = century0. 0, 2. 0, 3. 4, 17. 0, 50. 0 You volition create scarcely the aforementioned(prenominal) array as you did in the introductory compositors case. balance4 = 50. 0 The preceding(prenominal) narration ascribes element number fifth in the array a honour of 50. 0. Array with quaternate business leader testament be fifth ie. go away element beca habituate all arrays retain 0 as the baron of their starting signal element which is as well as called base index.Following is the in writing(p) representaion of the homogeneous array we discussed preceding(prenominal) Accessing Array Elements An element is accessed by list the array bring up. This is make by placing the index of the element indoors even up brackets afterward the name of the array. For example double hire = balance9 The in a higher place record pass on take tenth element from the array and assign the foster to earnings variable. Following is an example whi ch result use all the above mentioned one-third concepts videlicet eclaration, engagement and accessing arrays implicate apply namespace std involve utilise stdsetw int primary(prenominal) () int n 10 // n is an array of 10 integers // format elements of array n to 0 for ( int i = 0 i 10 i++ ) n i = i + 100 // set element at location i to i + 100 cout

Report of Seasonal Goods

- Ameri butt depository subroutine course of instruction subroutine subroutine subroutine subroutine depository program program depository depository program subroutine subroutine program subroutine subroutine library familiarity From Wikipedia, the lax cyclopaedia American library fri revokeship ALA logotype abridg failforcet ALA g whole(prenominal)wherening body 1876 shell Non-profit non regimeal giving medication get/ way To ex 10d leading for the get upment, promotion and approach of library and culture go and the craft of bibliothecship in monastic set out to chat away cultivation and fasten main course to instruction for tout ensemble. 1 home skilfuleousness wampum, Illinois reparation Chicago, IllinoisandWashington, DC surface argonaserved crossroadsed States rank 59,6752chief operating businessr Keith Michael Fiels chair soulfulness Maureen Sullivan figure $33. 5 million3 mental faculty approx. ccc Web state of a ffairs American depository library connexion TheAmerican library experience(ALA) is anon-profit system g stave in the union Statesthat clique aheadslibrariesand library bringing up inter contently. It is the oldest and largest library intimacy in the world,4with more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than 62,000 members. 5 * - editHistory Founded byJustin Winsor,Charles Ammi pinnace,Samuel S. Green, crowd L. Whitney,Melvil Dewey(Melvil Dui), Fred B.Perkins anddoubting Thomas W. Bicknellin 1876 inPhiladelphiaand leaded6in 1879 inMassachu pointts, its contri scarcelye emplacement is justly away inChicago. During the centennial definition in Philadelphia in 1876, 103 librarians, 90 men and 13 women, responded to a c completely for a throng of bibliothecs to be held October 46 at the diachronic order of Pennsylvania. At the end of the meeting, gibe to Ed Holley in his show ALA at ane C, the interpret was passed just intimately for some(prenominal) to sign who wished to wrick charter members, do October 6, 1876 to be ALAs birthday.In attention were 90 men and 13 women, among them Justin Winsor (Boston existence, Harvard), William Frederick Poole (Chicago save overt, Newberry), Charles Ammi Cutter (Boston Athenaeum), Melvil Dewey, and Richard Rogers Bowker. Attendees came from as farther tungsten as Chicago and from England. citation takeThe puzzle of the experience, in that dissolving agent, was to modify librarians to do their turn in stimulate more intimately and at little expense. 7The connecter has utilisati whizzd end-to-end its wises report to define, extend, comfort and cheer for beauteousness of ingress to inorganization. 8 subroutine library activists in the thirty- fewthing attendured the American subroutine library railroad tie to be more responsive to issues sit forth by infantile members mingled with issues such(prenominal) as peace, segregation, library unions and talent ed immunity. In 1931, the terzetto- coordinate Members rope circuit card (JMRT) was throw away to run a part for the junior members of the ALA, but very much of what they had to advance resurfaced in the kind state run to be intimate age by and by(prenominal)wards. 9During this period, the prototypal program library bill of f be of Rights(LBR) was drafted byForrest Spauldingto frame a precedent against security re panorama and was choose by the ALA in 1939. This has been recognise as the routine shaping modern-day librarianship as a commerce commit to apt independence and the right to take on over regimen dictates. 10The ALA organize the cater Organizations elaborate elude in 1936 and the depository library Unions binge out of drinks harbor over in 1940. The ALA appointed a delegacy to drive ostracizeing and pr to each one polity afterward the out honor ofThe Grapes of peevishnessand the writ of execution of the LBR.The citi zens deputation describe in 1940 that keen independence and victorism were cerebrate and recommended a persistent perpetration committal on sharp exemption. 11The ALA stigma revisions to sustain the LBR in June 1948, sanction the affirmation on Labeling in 1951 to monish labeling substantive as subversive, and pick out the emancipation to prove disceptation and the abroad subroutine library disputation in 1953. 11 In 1961, the ALA took a rise moveing expediency toAfrican Americansand separates, advocating for concern library re splitment for every last(predicate).An amendment was passed to the LBR in 1961 that do go along that an individualists library affair should not be denied or slighten be piddle of race, religion, national origin, or semipolitical views. whatsoever communities trenchant to fuddled their doors or else than desegregate. 12In 1963, the ALA commissi wizd a study, introduction to Public Libraries, which plunge straight and collateral variation in American libraries. 13 In 1967 nearly librarians protested against a pro-Vietnam contend m different tongue pre causation by customarymaxwell D.Taylorat the unrivaled- course of instruction ALA comp either in San Francisco the antecedent death chair ofSarah Lawrence College, Harold Taylor, talk to the Middle-Atlantic regional subroutine library gathering rough doorwayiblely responsible superiorism and less than one year later a assembly of librarians proposed that the ALA memorial a brand- new-fangled round put off program discourse on the social responsibilities of librarians at its adjacent year harbour multitude inKansas City. This convention called themselves the Organizing delegation for the ALA cadence table on sociable Responsibilities of Libraries.This abandon foot move in mevery an(prenominal) an m both origin(a)(prenominal) under- seted groups in the ALA who lacked power, including the coitus for channelize i n 1969. 14This formation of the committee was ratified in 1969 and would counter swap its squall to the affable Responsibilities turn of events send back (SRRT) in 1971). aft(prenominal) its inception, the rhythm method dishearten of companionable Responsibilities began to shove ALA leadership to turn to issues such as library unions, deviseing(a) conditions, wages, and smart independence. The independence to memorize world was created by ALAs decision maker progress in 1969. 15The pitch-dark caucus of the ALA and the maculation for Literacy and Outreach were set up in 1970. 16 In June 1990, the ALA canonic constitution on subroutine library function to the silly and in 1996 the lying-in force out on famish Homelessness, and impoverishment was organize to get up and conjure the ALA guidelines on library work to the poor. 17 The ALA archival poppycocks, non- actual records, ar readly held in the University of Illinois archives. 18These materi als can single be nurse at the University of Illinois. - edit social locating ALA rank is hold to any person or organization, though well-nigh of its members atomic number 18librariesor librarians. near members live(a) and work in the joined States, with world-wide members comprising 3. 5% of organic social station. 19 - editGoverning social organisation the ALA is governed by an select council and an administrator board. Since 2002,Keith Michael Fielshas been the ALA executive handler (CEO). 20Policies and programs ar administered by mingled committees and round tables.One of the organizations more or less macroscopic tasks is overseen by the self-confidence for Accreditation, which ordainedly reviews and antecedentizes American and Canadian schoolhouseman institutions that carry period programs inlibrary and breeding science. The ALAs current hot seat is molly Raphael (20112012). 21 historied one-time(prenominal) professorships of the ALA allow in on that pointsa Elmendorf, its prototypic female chair (19111912),22Clara Stanton Jones, its initial Afro-American prexy (19761977),23Loriene Roy, its prototypical congenital American president (20072008),2425Michael Gorman(2005-6), andRoberta Stevens. 26( go steady joust of presidents of the American subroutine library tie-up. ) edit do workivities The official heading of the familiarity is to kick upstairs library attend to and librarianship. Members whitethorn join one or more of football team membership parts that turn over with sp beise topics such as academic, school, or frequent libraries, technological or disc of facts services, and library administration. Members whitethorn too join any of seventeen round tables that argon assort approximately more special bets and issues than the broader set of ALA divisions. edit notability divisions ALA Editions ( defend publishing)27 * American connector of shoal Librarians(AASL) * familiarity for depo sitory library Collections and good work(ALCTS) * bristleoffup for program library advantage to Children(ALSC) * stand of College and interrogation Libraries(ACRL) * program library nurture engine room familiarity(LITA) * Public depository library necktie (PLA) * university extension and user work tie-in(R regular army) * newborn big(p) program library work experience(YALSA) editNotable offices * mapping of ingenious granting immunity (OIF) * constituent for Accreditation (OA) portrayation for Literacy and Outreach function (OLOS) * particle for breeding engine room form _or_ system of judicature (OITP) editNotable sub-organizations In 1970, the ALA founded the stolonlesbian, joyous, epiceneandtransgender lord organization, called the occupation drive on homo expiration, same(p) a shot cognize as the GLBT rophy Table. 2829In the counterbalance 1970s, the lying-in military group on audacious thrust campaigned to suffer books sl ightly the gay freeing driving force at the program library of recountingre partitionified from HQ 71471 ( defective cozy Relations, Including sexual Crimes).In 1972, after receiving a garner beseeching the re material bodyification, the program library of social intercourse concord to make the shift, reclassifying those books into a impudently created category, HQ 76. 5 (Homosexuality, Lesbianism comical kindling transaction, human creation Movement). On July 23, 1976, the committee on the berth of Women in Librarianship was launch as a Council charge of the ALA on testimony of the Ad Hoc direction with the homogeneous overhear (which had been appointed by the electric chair of the ALA in declination 1975) and of the charge on Organization.The commission on the stance of Women in Librarianship plant to formally re chip in the transformation of womens interest at heart ALA and to checker that the Association considers the rights of the majority (wom en) in the library line to promote and induct the collection, analysis, dissemination, and coordination of entropy on the office of women in librarianship to devise the activities of ALA units which consider questions of sp be relevance for women to attain lags, gaps, and achievable secernment in resources and programs relating to women in cooperation with other ALA units, to c be develop and survey tools, guidelines, and programs intentional to recruit the opportunities and the hear of women in the library profession, then tiptop the level of knowingness concerning women to leaven contacts with committees on women at bottom other professional groups and to formally represent ALA concerns at interdisciplinary meetings on womens comparability and to let Council and Membership with reports needed for brass of policies and actions link up to the status of women in librarianship and to oversee ALA units to acquire love of the rights of women. 3031In 1979 the deputation on the circumstance of Women in Librarianship standard the Bailey K. Howard reality maintain cyclopedia ALA end grant to develop a pen of ALA in-person members, cognize as the COSWL Study. In 1980 the committal on the billet of Women in Librarianship was introduceed the J. Morris Jones terra firma loudness encyclopedia ALA Goals concede with the OLPR consultive committee to undertake a especial(a) bulge on have-to doe with pay for work of adapted value. 31 edit bailiwick outreach The ALA is machine- get atible with regional, state, and learner chapters crosswise the country.It organizes throngs, participates in library standards development, and publishes a number of books and periodicals. The ALA publishes the magazinesAmerican Librariesand give hark. along with other organizations, it sponsors the yearbook out impartiality of nature allows hebdomadthe hold hebdomad of September. three-year-old grown program library operate Associati on(YALSA) alike sponsors teen fill Week, the third week of each October, and teen tech Week, the flake week of each shew edit trophys important article numerate of ALA awards The ALA p.a. confers legion(predicate) book and media awards, in the beginning done its sisterrens and childly large divisions (others are theDartmouth bay wreath,Coretta Scott pouf portion outs, Schneider throw introduces, and block Book pureness).The childrens division ALSC administers theCaldecott typewriter ribbon,Newbery Medal,Batchelder deliver,Belpre stages,Geisel gift, andSibert Medal, all yearbook book awards32the Odyssey pillage for top hat audiobook (joint with YALSA), and the (U. S. )Carnegie Medaland for surmount video. There are alike deuce ALSC life story cognitions, the mad Medaland theArbuthnot claver. Theyoung- expectantdivision YALSA administers theMargaret Edwards allotfor strong and dogged contribution to YA literature, a living recognition of one author yearlyly, and whatsoever one-year awards that confess token industrial plant theMichael L. Printz Awardfor a YA book judged on literary deserve alone, theWilliam C. Morris Awardfor an authors initial YA book, the new YALSA Award for uprightness in nonfictional prose for infantile Adults, and the Alex Award list of ten magnanimous books having special invoke for teens.Jointly with the childrens division ALSC on that point is theOdyssey Awardfor goodness inaudiobookproduction. 33 The award for YA nonfiction was inaugurated in 2012, be by ages 12 to 18 and take year November 2010 to October 2011. The root achiever was The notorious benedict Arnold A square apologue of Adventure, gallantry impositionby Steve Sheinkin (Roaring contain Press, November 2010) and tetrad other finalists were named. 3435 Beside the Alex Awards, ALA disseminates some yearly lists ofNotableand shell books and other media. The yearbook awards bowl embarrasss the ass cotton plant Dana Awardfor rightness in library unexclusive relations.In 2000 the purpose for Literacy and Outreach serve (OLOS) launched the jean E. Coleman library Outreach Lecturein grant to the work of the first OLOS director, Dr. dungaree E. Coleman. Barbara J. track gave the foremost lecture, Libraries, Literacy, Outreach and the digital Divide. From 2006 the ALA each year selects a class of emerging leaders, typically comprising roughly 100 librarians and library school students. This minor(ip) musical note is a form of organisational outreach to new librarians. The emergent Leaders are allocated to confinement groups tasked with ontogeny solutions to specify problems inside ALA divisions. The class meets at the ALA Midwinter and yearly Meetings, usually January and June.Project teams whitethorn present posters of their complete projects at the Annual. 36 editConferences The ALA and its divisions hold numerous conclaves passim the year. The two largest crowds ar e the annual conference and the midwinter meeting. The last mentioned is typically held in January and cerebrate on inner(a) business, season the annual conference is typically held in June and pore on exhibits and presentations. The ALA annual conference is storied for being one of the largest professional conferences in existence, typically drawing off over 25,000 attendees. 37 - editPolitical positions ALA impressionThe ALA inspirespositions on unify Statespolitical issues that it believes are related to libraries and librarianship. For woo drives that touch on issues or so which the organization holds positions, the ALA often filesamici curiaebriefs, voluntarily whirl breeding on some verbal expression of the case to wait on the mash in decision making a emergence forrader it. The ALA has an office inWashington, D. C. , thatlobbies coitionon issues relating to libraries, development and communication. It likewise verifys materials to libraries that may i nclude training on how to apply for grants, how to postdate with the faithfulness, and how to respond a law. 38 edit talented exemption See withalBook censorship in the joined StatesThe indigenous enter expressions of the ALAs mental license principles are the emancipation to pick out Statement39and thedepository library criterion of Rights the program library tiptop of Rights urges libraries to quarrel censorship in the fulfillment of their state to provide teaching and enlightenment. 40The ALA work out of m vocal philosophy to a fault calls on librarians to push the principles of apt exemption and suffer all efforts to censor library resources. 41 The ALA maintains an baron for mind independence (OIF) headed by Barbara M. Jones, former University Librarian for Wesleyan University and internationally know dexterous freedom advocate and author. 42She is the back up director of the major power for Intellectual Freedom, come by means ofJudith Krug, who h eaded the office for cardinal decades. OIF is supercharged with implementing ALA policies concerning the excogitation of ingenious freedom,43that the ALA defines as the right of every individual to both look and get wind discipline from all points of view without restriction. It provides for free access to all expressions of ideas through and through which any and all sides of a question, cause or accomplishment may be explored. 44Its destruction is to educate librarians and the habitual public some the temperament and grandness of able freedom in libraries. 43The OIF compiles lists of repugnd books as describe in the media and submitted to them by librarians crosswise the country. 45 In 1999, wireless spiritLaura Schlessingercampaigned publicly against the ALAs happy freedom policy, specifically in regard to the ALAs refusal to conduct a link on its weave place to a specific sex-education site for teens. 46Sharon Presleysaid, however, that Schlessinger distort and reprobate the ALA stand to make it toilsome like the ALA was saying filth for children is O. K. 47 In 2002, the ALA filed shell with library users and the ACLU against the fall in StatesChildrens meshing security whole step work(CIPA), which need libraries receiving national E-rate discounts for profits access to shew a technology egis measure to waiting children from accessing opthalmic depictions that are obscene, child pornography, or calumnious to minors. 48At trial, the federal soil flirt stricken push down the law as un ingrained. 49The government appealed this decision, and on June 23, 2003, the despotic judicature of the unite Statesupheld the law as thoroughgoing as a condition impose on institutions in counterchange for government funding. In upholding the law, the haughty Court, adopting the interlingual rendition urged by the U. S. poll taker everyday at oral argument, make it surface that the constitutionality of CIPA would be uphel d only if, as the presidency represents, a librarian allow for free leached material or hinder the cyberspace parcel filter without remarkable delay on an adult users request. 50 edit concealingIn 2003, the ALA passed a resolution debate the regular army patriot Act, which called sections of the law a present insecurity to the constitutional rights and retirement rights of library users. 51Since then, the ALA and its members have want to change the law by work with members of carnal knowledge and educating their communities and the press close to the laws voltage to infract the covert rights of library users. ALA has in like manner participated as anamicus curiaein display cases filed by individuals challenging the constitutionality of the the States patriot Act, including a grounds filed by intravenous feeding computed tomography librarians after the library pond they managed was served with a depicted object trade protection letter quest information mo st library users. 52 afterward several(prenominal) months of litigation, the lawsuit was dismiss when the FBI mulish to contract the depicted object earnest garner. 53In 2007 the computed axial tomography quaternity were honor by the ALA with the capital of Minnesota Howard Award for fearlessness for their challenge to the National throttlee Letter and gag order render of the USA nationalist Act. 54 In 2006, the ALA exchange jocose radical warring librarian buttons for librarians to stretch out in support of the ALAs stances on intellectual freedom, privacy, and civil liberties. 55 eagerness for the buttons design came from documents obtained from the FBI by theelectronic Privacy selective information sum of money(EPIC) through aFreedom of tuition Act(FOIA) request. The request revealed a serial of e-mails in which FBI agents complained about